Coming Up 新动向

Coming Up Next on This Blog

 

待 贴 新 文 与 动 向

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eBrochure or Multimedia Slideshow (combine ebook and powerpoint to be semi-interactive) samples to present business, company, services, products, activities, facilities, environment, shop, set up, achievements, portfolio, information, guides, knowledge, news, any other contents relevant and useful to readers and prospective customers, allow them to read online or download read offline (by QR code or short URL) refer and share on any devices (including smart phone and phablet), aim to replace printed brochure to harness the benefits and power of digital media and epublication. Samples (30-40 pages in English and Chinese) will show the various ways of presenting different types of trades, businesses and subject matters for target group of audiences to meet the purpose of circulating the brochures online and offline. Another content slide will be produced to shed(on Slideshare platform for content marketing, advertorial, infomercial, soft marketing) some lights on this indispensable marketing tool that will replace printed brochures soon, and poster board on the street will also turn digital (some even built in camera to calculate number of viewers 24×7). Big corporations had already saved much of their costs in printing pricey brochures and direct all customers from any country to download eBrochure or eBook on official website, and produce different or specific contents in multiple eBrochures and or video to keep readers entertained or informed, while the money saved in printing was channeled into online marketing, the hottest battleground now.

电彩页或多媒体幻片展样本（结合半互动的电子书和幻片动画）展现行业、公司、服务、产品、活动、设施、环境、店面、设计、成就、规模、资讯、导引、知识、新闻等等对读者和潜在顾客有用的内容，可以用任何配备（包括智能手机和平板/手板电脑）上线浏览或（用二维码或短网址）下载参阅和传阅，充分发挥数码媒体和电子出版的效能与威力。样本（30-40页中文与英文版）会展示各类行业和主题针对不同读者或顾客群设计和编排的内容和版面，达致在线上发表线下传阅电彩页的目的和效果。另外会发表一份内容幻片在Slideshare平台上分享知识，再认识这类日益重要长久以来都不可或缺的宣传工具（包括单张海报和半页传单），将会全面从马路转战到网路（网络码路）、硬纸换电纸、电台（垫抬高塔）变平台（公平宽广的舞台），路边的褪色广告板也都会变成色彩饱和鲜艳的数码视屏（还能用镜头全天候测量观众眼球）。许多大企业已经开始削减昂贵的彩页印刷开销鼓励各地客户上网下载各类讯息，而且还针对不同需求制作各种主题内容的电彩页亦或高清视频不断吸引读者的目光，省下的印刷费就转投到线上行销，当今最热门也是成本最低效益最高的管道，但技术含量高、细节多、受众群体细分精准。由于视频的制作成本高，多媒体幻片彩页是另一个图文并茂的最佳选项，而且成本只有视频的十分之一，随时可以加入视频和音乐在内再上传更新，值得中小企业推广采用。

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Chinese to English translation samples for professional contents

中翻英 专业内容 短文样本

Video TV Ad Samples and Services

视频广告 样本与服务

Copy-edit/correct ESL Essay Writing Samples & Service

批閱修改 英文作文 寫作範例

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SEO Content Dos and Don’ts (to be published)

SEO 搜优网文该做与不该做的事 （编写中）

Chinese Tourists Top Spenders of the world (English Reports)

Chinese Shoppers in Outbound Tour (Chinese Report)

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English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation transcreation samples for the following in the Gallery

下列中英雙向翻譯創譯 參閱樣本在展廳：

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Consumer Products Translation 消费品翻译 :

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• Skincare 护肤品
• Haircare 护发品
• Healthcare 保健
• Healthfood 健康食品
• Snacks (chocolate, biscuits, candies etc.) 零食（巧克力、饼干、糖果等）
• Wine & Spirits 酒类
• & more 其他产品

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Property Sale Translation 房地产销售翻译 :

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• Project brochures 建案彩页
• Specifications 建筑规格
• Articles 房地产文章
• & others 其他相关内容

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Transport Translation 交通业翻译 :

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• International Airport & Airlines 国际机场与国际航空
• Railway Operators & Train Stations 铁路公司与地铁站
• Cruise Centre & Cruise Operators 邮轮中心与邮轮公司
• & others 其他相关内容

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Restructuring of all posts for ease of finding and reading.

重整 所有贴文 方便查找浏览

Articles about brand-naming, SEO writing, translation errors & jokes.

有关品牌命名、SEO写法、翻译错误与笑话

Examples and discussion of transreation.

创译范例兼讨论

Samples for Content Writing, News Translate Re-write and other contents

写稿、供稿、新闻翻译重编及其他内容的样本

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It will take months to post all and may be posting till next year. Never compromise Quality for speed.

慢工出细活，求好不求快，品质优先。

You may enter your email (on the right panel) to be notified whenever new sample is posted.

Your email will be used for this purpose only, don’t need and will not use your email to do any marketing.

您可以（在右栏）输入电邮址追踪最新贴文即刻获知。

您的电邮址只限于此用途，于您方便，不需要也不会用您的电邮址去搞行销。

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Need help to translate or write something? 需要 翻译 写稿？

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For product, service, notice, leaflet, brochure, signboard, poster, instruction, web page, web content, advertisements, any other forms of prints and publication

产品、服务、告示、传单、手册、布告、海报、须知、网页、广告、其他形式的出版物

Piecemeal job, Project-based, Term contract, Long-term freelancing outsource works and other flexible arrangements, all works and files to be delivered online or on cloud

單件個案、系列專案、定期外包、長期接案、靈活安排，所有文件和交易都在線上傳遞

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Translation Copywriting Editing service 翻译 撰稿 编辑 服务总览

电邮询问 费用等详情 Email to inquire ask for quotation to know the cost among other details

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Thank you for your time spent in browsing. You may follow via email provided in side panel. See you again.

感謝登門瀏覽。可以在右欄填入您的電郵自動追蹤新貼文新消息。歡迎再來。

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Building Archi Translation 建筑翻译

Click to see larger clearer image. 点击看清晰大图

Translator 译者

Lese-majesty 冒犯君主罪

Lese-majesty  冒犯君主罪

Lese-majesty /ˌliːz ˈmædʒɨsti/[1] (French: lèse majesté [lɛz maʒɛste]; Law French, from the Latin laesa maiestas, “injured majesty”; in English, also lese majesty or leze majesty) is the crime of violating majesty, an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state.

Lese-majesty冒犯君主罪[1](法文: lèse majesté [lɛz maʒɛste];法国法律，拉丁文laesa maiestas，“受创的威严”，英语也用lese majesty或leze majesty)是违反国王陛下的罪名，是对一个统治主权的尊严或对一个国家的攻击。

This behavior was first classified as a criminal offence against the dignity of the Roman republic in Ancient Rome. In the Dominate, or Late Empire period the Emperors scrapped the Republican trappings of their predecessors and began to identify the state with their person.[2] Though legally the princeps civitatis (his official title, roughly ‘first citizen’) could never become a sovereign, as the republic was never officially abolished, emperors were deified as divus, first posthumously but by the Dominate period while reigning. Deified Emperors thus enjoyed the legal protection provided for the divinities of the state cult; by the time it was exchanged for Christianity, the monarchical tradition in all but name was well established.

这种行为第一次在古罗马时代因为有人冒犯罗马共和国的尊严而被列为刑事罪行。在帝政期或晚期帝国的时期，皇帝摆脱了前任共和党员的制约，开始把个人和国家的地位划上等号[2]。虽然在法律上princeps civitatis(皇帝的官衔，相当于现在的“第一公民”)不可能成为一个主权，共和国体制并未正式废除，但皇帝却被神化为(divus)神人，在加冕时首度追封帝政期的先帝。因此，神化了的皇帝就享有国家级被崇拜的神位，得到法律的保障;这时的神位取代了基督教，传统的君主制度除了名称以外，全部结构都建立得完善。

Narrower conceptions of offences against Majesty as offences against the crown predominated in the European kingdoms that emerged in the early medieval period. In feudal Europe, various real crimes were classified as lese-majesty even though not intentionally directed against the crown, such as counterfeiting because coins bear the monarch’s effigy and/or coat of arms.

在早期中世纪时期出现的反对欧洲国王陛下的冒犯行为被狭隘地解读，动辄得咎。在欧洲的封建期间，各种实际犯罪的罪过都被当成是冒犯君主的威严，即使不是故意针对王权而犯，比如造假，只因为假硬币上印了君主的肖像亦或臂章。

However, since the disappearance of absolute monarchy, this is viewed as less of a crime, although similar, more malicious acts could be considered treason. By analogy, as modern times saw republics emerging as great powers, a similar crime may be constituted, though not under this name, by any offence against the highest representatives of any state.

然而，随着绝对君主专制的消失，这种行为不再被当成是犯罪，虽然类似和更多恶意的行为可能被视为叛国罪。打个比方，现代的共和国体制兴起成为强权，类似的罪行或许不再以这种名义定罪，但却还是冒犯了国家最高代表(比如藐视最高法院或法官)。

 

Contents  目录

1 Current lese-majesty laws  当前的冒犯君主罪

1.1 Europe  欧洲

1.1.1 Denmark  丹麦

1.1.2 Netherlands  荷兰

1.1.3 Spain  西班牙

1.1.4 Greece  希腊

1.2 Morocco  摩洛哥

1.3 Thailand  泰国

1.4 Others  其他

2 Former laws  之前的法律

2.1 United Kingdom  英国

3 See also  另见

4 References  参考文献

5 External links  外部链接

 

Current Lese-majesty Laws  当前的冒犯君主法律

Europe  欧洲

Further information: Freedom of speech by country: Germany and Poland

更多讯息：言论自由国家分类：德国和波兰

In Germany, Switzerland,[3] and Poland it is illegal to insult foreign heads of state publicly.

在德国，瑞士[3]，和波兰，公开侮辱外国的国家元首是非法的。

On 5 January 2005, Marxist tabloid publisher Jerzy Urban was sentenced by a Polish court to a fine of 20,000 złoty (about €5000 or US$6,200) for having insulted Pope John Paul II, a visiting head of state.[4]

2005年1月5日，马克思派的小报出版商Jerzy Urban被波兰法院判处罚款20000zloty(约€5000欧元或6,200美元)，因为他侮辱教皇约翰保罗二世这位到访的国家元首。[4]

On 26–27 January 2005, 28 human rights activists were temporarily detained by the Polish authorities for allegedly insulting Vladimir Putin, a visiting head of state. The activists were released after about 30 hours and only one was actually charged with insulting a foreign head of state.[5]

2005年1月26日至27日，28名人权活跃份子被波兰当局暂时扣留，因为他们公然侮辱普京这位到访的国家元首。约30个小时之后，这些活跃份子都获得释放，只有一人实际上被控侮辱外国国家元首。[5]

In October 2006, a Polish man was arrested in Warsaw after expressing his dissatisfaction with the leadership of Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński by passing gas loudly.[6]

2006年10月，一名波兰男子在华沙被捕，因为不满领导人Lech和Jaroslaw Kaczyrisjki的车队大声排放烟雾。[6]

Denmark  丹麦

In Denmark, the monarch is protected by the usual libel paragraph (§ 267 of the penal code which allows for up to four months of imprisonment), but §115[7] allows for doubling of the usual punishment when the regent is target of the libel. When a queen consort, queen dowager or the crown prince is the target, the punishment may be increased by 50%. There are no historical records of §115 having ever been used, but in March 2011, Greenpeace activists who unfurled a banner at a dinner at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference were charged under this section.[8] They received minor sentences for other crimes, but were acquitted of the charge relating to the monarch.[9]

在丹麦，君主通常都受到诽谤条文的保护(刑法§ 第267条允许最多4个月的监禁)，但是，当摄政成为诽谤目标时，§第115条[7]就允许加倍处罚。当王后，皇太后或王储成为诽谤目标时，处罚可能会增加50%。历史记录里还没使用过§第115条，但是，在2011年3月，绿色和平活跃份子在2009年联合国气候变化大会的晚宴上展开布条之后，他们就在这个条款下被控诉[8]。他们的其他罪行都获得轻判，而跟君主有关的指控都获得无罪释放。[9]

Netherlands  荷兰

In October 2007, a 47-year-old man was fined €400 for, amongst other things, lese-majesty in the Netherlands when he called Queen Beatrix a “whore” and described several sexual acts he would like to perform on her to a police officer.[10]

2007年10月，一名47岁的男子被罚款€400欧元，除其他事项外，主要是冒犯荷兰君主，因为他称呼荷兰女王Beatrix为“妓女”，还对警务人员描述一些他想要跟女王性交的几种方式。[10]

Spain  西班牙

The Spanish satirical magazine El Jueves was fined for violation of Spain’s lese-majesty laws after publishing an issue with a caricature of the Prince of Asturias and his wife engaging in sexual intercourse on the cover in 2007.[11]

西班牙的讽刺杂志“El Jueves”因为违反了西班牙的冒犯君主法而被罚款，该杂志在2007年的某一期的杂志封面刊登了一则漫画描绘Asturias王子和他的妻子性交的画面。[11]

Greece  希腊

The 14th article of the Constitution of Greece makes it an offence for the press to insult the President of Greece (as well as Christianity and any other religion recognized by the state).[12]

希腊宪法第14条规定报章侮辱希腊总统是犯法的行为(还包括侮辱基督教和国家认可的其他宗教)。[12]

Morocco  摩洛哥

Moroccans are routinely prosecuted for statements deemed offensive to the King. The penal code states that the minimum sentence for a statement made in private (i.e.: not broadcast) is imprisonment for 1 year. For a public offense to the King, the minimum sentence is 3 years. In both cases, the maximum is 5 years.[13]

摩洛哥人不时都有人因为被认定发表冒犯国王的声明而被起诉。刑法规定私下言论(即：不广播)的最低刑期是1年监禁。公开冒犯国王的最低刑期是3年。两种罪同时触犯的话，最高刑期是5年。[13]

The case of Yassine Belassal[14] The Fouad Mourtada Affair, and Nasser Ahmed (a 95 year-old who died in jail after being convicted of lese-majesty), revived the debate on these laws and their applications. In 2008, an 18 year-old was charged with “breach of due respect to the king” for writing “God, Country, Barca” on a school board, in reference to his favorite football club. The national motto of Morocco is “God, Country, King”.

最近，Yassine Belassal[14]在The Fouad Mourtada的事件中以及Nasser Almed的案例(95岁的囚犯因为冒犯君主被定罪死在狱中)使到这些法律及其应用的辩论再度展开。2008年，一名18岁青年被控“违反对君主不敬”的罪名，只因为他在学校布告栏上写“上帝，国家，Barca(巴卡球队)”的字，指的是他最喜欢的足球俱乐部。而摩洛哥的国家格言应该是“上帝，国家，国王”。

In February 2012, 18 years old Walid Bahomane was convicted for posting two mild cartoons of the king on Facebook. The procès-verbal cites two facebook pages and an IBM computer being seized as evidence. Walid is officially prosecuted for “touching the sacralities”.[15]

2012年2月，18岁的Walid Bahomane因为在脸书上张贴了两张温和的泰王卡通图片而被判罪。官方说法是用两篇脸书上的记录和没收的IBM电脑为证据，正式控告Walid“触碰到神圣的品德”。

Thailand  泰国

Thailand’s Criminal Code has carried a prohibition against lese-majesty since 1908.[16] In 1932, when Thailand’s monarchy ceased to be absolute and a constitution was adopted, it too included language prohibiting lese-majesty. The 2007 Constitution of Thailand, and all seventeen versions since 1932, contain the clause, “The King shall be enthroned in a position of revered worship and shall not be violated. No person shall expose the King to any sort of accusation or action.” Thai Criminal Code elaborates in Article 112: “Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years.” Missing from the Code, however, is a definition of what actions constitute “defamation” or “insult”.[17] From 1990 to 2005, the Thai court system only saw four or five lese-majesty cases a year. From January 2006 to May 2011, however, more than 400 cases came to trial, an estimated 1,500 percent increase.[18] Observers attribute the increase to increased polarization following the 2006 military coup and sensitivity over the elderly king’s declining health.[19]

泰国刑法从1908年起就禁止冒犯君主[16]。1932年，当泰国的君主制不再有绝对权力时，通过的新宪法也收纳了禁止冒犯君主的条文。2007年的泰国宪法以及1932年起至今的所有十七个版本里都有这样的条文：“国王应该以备受尊敬的崇拜地位登基，而且地位不得侵犯。任何人都不得对国王作出任何指控或行动。”泰国的刑事法典第112条阐述：“任何诽谤，侮辱或威胁国王，王后，以及其指定继承人或摄政，应处以三到十五年的监禁。”然而，刑法中遗漏的部份是如何定义什么样的行为会构成“诽谤”或“侮辱”[17]。从1990年到2005年，泰国法院系统每年只处理四个或五个冒犯君主的案件。然而，从2006年1月至2011年5月，共有400多个案件待审，估计增加了1500%[18]。观察员把这个增加的幅度归咎于2006年的军事政变以及老国王的健康每况愈下引起的两极化社会。[19]

Neither the King nor any member of the Royal Family has ever personally filed any charges under this law. In fact, during his birthday speech in 2005, King Bhumibol Adulyadej encouraged criticism: “Actually, I must also be criticized. I am not afraid if the criticism concerns what I do wrong, because then I know.” He later added, “But the King can do wrong,” in reference to those he was appealing to not to overlook his human nature.[19] The Constitution does not provide the legal right for the royal family to defend themselves; accordingly they cannot file grievances on their own behalf.[citation needed] Instead, the responsibility has been granted to the state and to the public. Cases are often filed by state authorities or by individuals, and anyone may take action against anyone else. In one notable incident during the 2005–2006 political crisis, deposed Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his political opponent Sondhi Limthongkul filed charges of lese-majesty against each other. Thaksin’s alleged lese-majesty was one of the stated reasons for the Thai military’s 2006 coup.[20][21][22][23]

国王或任何王室成员都未曾用这条法律亲自告状提控任何人。事实上，Bhumibol Adulyadej莆湄博国王在他的2005年生日上还鼓励批评，他说：“其实，我也必须被批评。我不怕批评我做错了什么事，这样我才能知道。”接着他又补充说，“但是国王也会做错事”，呼吁那些崇拜他的人不要忽略他也是个人。”宪法并没有为王室提供合法权利去为自己辩护;因此他们不能自行控告。相反的，责任在政府和公众手上。案件往往都由国家机关或个人提告，任何人都可以用这条法律去控告任何人。值得一提的一件事发生在2005-2006年的政治危机，被废黜的总理(Thaksin Shinawatra)达信和他的政治对手Sondhi Limthongkul用冒犯君主罪互相起诉对方。达信涉嫌的冒犯君主罪是2006年泰国军方发动政变声明的其中一个理由。[20][21][22][23]

Social activists such as Sulak Sivaraksa were charged with the crime in the 1980s and 1990s because they allegedly criticized the king; Sulak was eventually acquitted.[24]

在20世纪80年代和90年代的社会活跃份子如Sulak Sivaraksa也被控这样的罪名，因为他们涉嫌批评国王; 最终Sulak还是获得无罪释放。[24]

Frenchman Lech Tomasz Kisielewicz allegedly committed lese-majesty in 1995 by making a derogatory remark about a Thai princess while on board a Thai Airways flight. Although in international airspace at the time, he was taken into custody upon landing in Bangkok and charged with offending the monarchy. He was detained for two weeks, released on bail, and acquitted after writing a letter of apology to the king, and deported.[citation needed] In March 2007, Swiss national Oliver Jufer was convicted of lese-majesty and sentenced to 10 years in jail for spray-painting graffiti on several portraits of the king while drunk in Chiang Mai;[25] he was pardoned by the king on 12 April 2007 and deported.[26]

1995年，法国人Lech Tomasz Kisielewicz涉嫌在泰国航空的班机上发表诋毁泰国公主的言论而犯了冒犯君主罪。虽然当时是在国际航空领域里，他在飞机降落曼谷时马上被羁押，然后被控冒犯君主罪。他被拘留了两周，获得保释，写了一封道歉信给国王才获得无罪释放，并驱逐出境。2007年3月，瑞士人Oliver Jufer因为在清迈喝醉酒[25]，在几幅国王的人像照上喷漆涂鸦，被判处10年徒刑，当年4月12日国王赦免他，然后驱逐出境。[26]

In March 2008, Colonel Watanasak Mungkijakarndee of Bang Mod police station filed a case against Jakrapob Penkhair a politician and spokesman for former premier Thaksin Shinawatra, for public statements threatening violence and national security made on the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Thailand (FCCT) stage in August 2007.[27] In 2008 BBC South-East Asia correspondent and FCCT vice-president Jonathan Head was accused of lese-majesty three times by Col. Watanasak. Col. Watanasak filed new charges and evidence highlighting a conspiracy connecting Thaksin Shinawatra, Jakrapob Penkhair and Jonathan Head to Veera Musikapong at the FCCT. Jonathan Head was subsequently transferred by the BBC to Turkey.[28] Prime Minister Abhisit Vejajiva has still not made a decision as to whether prosecutors should continue proceedings against Jakrapob Penkhair.

2008年3月，Bang Mod警局的Watanasak Mungkijakarndee上校提告政治家Jakrapob Penkhair和前总理达信的发言人在2007年8月公开发表言论以暴力和国家安全威胁泰国的外国记者俱乐部(FCCT)[27]。2008年，BBC的东南亚特派记者和FCCT副总裁Jonathan Head被Watanasak上校连续三次指控冒犯君主。Watanasak上校提出新的指控和证据凸显达信，Jakrapob Penkhair和Jonathan Head三人跟FCCT的Veera Musikapong有关联的阴谋。后来Jonathan Head被英国广播公司(BBC)调到土耳其去[28]。总理Abhisit Vejajiva阿比西还未决定检察官是否应该继续起诉Jakrapob Penkhair。

In September 2008, Harry Nicolaides[29] from Melbourne, Australia, was arrested at Bangkok’s international airport[30] and charged with lese-majesty, for an offending passage in his self published book Verisimilitude. After pleading guilty, he was sentenced to three years in jail[31] but then pardoned by the king, released, and deported.[32]

2008年9月，澳洲墨尔本的Harry Nicolaides[29]在曼谷国际机场被捕[30]，被控冒犯君主的罪，因为他在自行出版的一本书“Verisimilitude-逼真的事物”里有冒犯的段落。他认罪后被判处3年有期徒刑，后来也被国王赦免释放，并驱逐出境。[32]

On 29 April 2010, Thai businessman Wipas Raksakulthai was arrested following a post to his Facebook account allegedly insulting Bhumibol.[33] The arrest was reportedly the first lese-majesty charge against a Thai Facebook user.[34] In response, Amnesty International named Wipas Thailand’s first prisoner of conscience in nearly three decades.[35]

2010年4月29日，泰国商人Wipas Raksakulthai在他的Facebook脸书页面上发表涉嫌侮辱莆湄博国王的言论之后就被捕[33]。这是第一次有泰国的脸书用户因为冒犯君主罪而被捕[34]。因此，国际特赦组织把Wipas命名为三十年来泰国的第一位良知囚犯。[35]

On 27 May 2011, an American citizen, Joe Gordon (Lerpong Wichaikhammat), was arrested on charges he insulted the country’s monarchy, in part by posting a link on his blog to a banned book about the ailing king. Gordon had lived in the United States for thirty years before returning to Thailand. He is also reportedly suspected of translating, from English into Thai, portions of The King Never Smiles – an unauthorized biography of King Bhumibol Adulyadej – and posting them online along with articles he wrote that allegedly defame the royal family.[36][37]After being denied bail eight times, a shackled–and–handcuffed Gordon said in court on 10 October, “I’m not fighting in the case. I’m pleading guilty, sirs.”[38] On 8 December 2011] a court in Thailand sentenced Joe Gordon to two and a half years in prison for defaming the country’s royal family by translating excerpts of a locally banned biography of the king and posting them online. [www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57339098/thailand-jails-u.s-man-for-insulting-king/]

2011年5月27日，一名美国公民，Joe Gordon(泰国原名为Lerpong Wichaikhammat)被逮捕，他在自己的博客上的一篇贴文中链接到一本关于生病的泰王的禁书而被控局部性地侮辱国家的君主。Gordon在美国住了三十年才回到泰国。据报道，他也涉嫌把泰王未授权的自传“The King Never Smiles-未曾笑过的国王”中的一部份从英文翻译成泰文，连同他自己写的也涉嫌诋毁王室的文章都一起贴在网页上[36[37]。他被拒绝保释八次之后，10月10日那天，手脚被镣的Gordon戈登在法院说：“我不想再辩护。我认罪，大人们。”[38] 2011年12月8日，泰国法庭判处戈登两年半徒刑，罪名是翻译本地禁止的国王传记中的摘录张贴在网上诽谤了国家的王室。[www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57339098/thailand-jails-us-man-for-insulting-king/]

In September 2011, computer programmer Surapak Puchaieseng was arrested, detained and had his computer confiscated after accused of insulting the Thai royal family on Facebook – his arrest marked the first lèse majesté case since prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra was elected.[39] The 10 October AP report on Joe Gordon’s plea adds that “Yingluck’s government has been just as aggressive in pursing the cases as its predecessors.”

2011年9月，软件程序员Surapak Puchaieseng被逮捕，拘留，电脑被没收，被控在脸书上侮辱泰国王室家族-他的被捕是瑛乐Yinluck Shinawatra当选总理之后第一起冒犯君主案[39]。10月10日美联社报道戈登的呼吁时补充说：“瑛乐的政府跟前任政府一样在处理这种案件时咄咄逼人。”

Others  其他

In January, 2009 there was a diplomatic incident between Australia and Kuwait over an Australian woman being held for allegedly insulting the Emir of Kuwait during a fracas with Kuwaiti Immigration authorities.[40]

在2009年1月，澳洲和科威特之间发生了一件外交纠纷，一名澳洲女人涉嫌在跟科威特移民机关的官员争吵时侮辱科威特国王。[40]

Even though the Supreme Leader of Iran is not a king, there are laws against insulting the station of the Supreme Leader.

尽管伊朗最高领袖不是一个国王，还是有国家法律明文禁止侮辱最高领袖。

 

Former Laws  之前的法律

United Kingdom  英国

In Scotland, section 51 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 abolished the common law criminal offences of sedition and ‘leasing-making’. The latter offence, also known as ‘lease /ˈliːz/ making’, was considered an offence of lese-majesty or making remarks critical of the Monarch of the United Kingdom. It had not been prosecuted since 1715.[41]

在苏格兰，刑事司法及牌照(苏格兰)法令2010第51节废除了普通法中的刑事罪行如煽动叛乱和”造谎“。后者的罪行被称为“造谎“，也被认为是冒犯君主罪或放话批评英国王室。不过从1715年起就没人被起诉过。[41]

 

See also  另见

• Blasphemy  亵渎
• Flag desecration  沾污国旗
• Insubordination  犯上
• Mutiny  兵变
• Sedition  煽动
• Treason  叛国

 

References  参考文献

[1] ^ “lese-majesty”. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

^ “冒犯君主罪”牛津英文字典。牛津大学出版社第二版1989。

[2] ^ TheFreeDictionary.com, “Lese majesty” TheFreeDictionary.com, Columbia Encyclopedia, retrieved 22 September 2006

^ 免费字典网站，“冒犯君主罪”，哥伦比亚百科全书，2006年9月22日索取资料。

[3] ^ Swiss Penal Code , SR/RS 311.0 (E·D·F·I), art. 296 (E·D·F·I)

^ 瑞士刑法，SR/RS 311.0(E.D.F.I)，art.296(E.D.F.I)

[4] ^ IFEX.org, “Criminal Defamation Laws Hamper Free Expression” IFEX.org, retrieved 22 September 2006

^ IFEX组织网站，“刑事毁谤法律钳制言论自由”，2006年9月22日索取资料。

[5] ^ NEWS.BBC.co.uk, “Sensitive heads of state”, retrieved 30 January 2008

^ 英国广播电台新闻网站，“敏感的国家元首”，208年1月30日索取资料。

[6] ^ Ananova.com, “Police hunt farting dissident” ananova.com, retrieved 31 August 2008

^ Ananova网站，“警察追捕放屁的异议份子”，2008年8月31日索取资料。

[7] ^ Resinformation.dk  ^ 丹麦网站Resinformation.dk

[8] ^ “COP-15 activists in lèse majesté case”. Politiken (Copenhagen). 1 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.

^“COP-冒犯君主罪的15名活跃份子”。Politiken报(哥本哈根)2011年3月1日报导。2011年3月1日索取资料。

[9] ^ Københavns Byret (22-08-2011). Greenpeace-aktivister idømt betinget fængsel i 14 dage. (in Danish).

^ Københavns Byret (2011年8月22日)。绿色和平活跃份子(丹麦文)

[10] ^ nrc.nl – Binnenland – Boete voor majesteitsschennis

[11] ^ “Spain royal sex cartoonists fined”. BBC. 13 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.

^ “西班牙王室性漫画的画家被罚款“。英国广播电台2007年11月13日报道。2007年11月13日索取资料。

[12] ^ http://www.ekloges.gr/syntagmaDetails.asp?pageid=3&langid=1&ArthroID=16

[13] ^ PCB.UB.es

[14] ^ BarcelonaReporter.com  ^ 巴塞罗那报道网站

[15] ^ “Busted for Posting Caricatures of the King on Facebook”. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

^ “破获在脸书上张贴的国王漫画”。2012年2月8日。2012年2月9日索取资料。

[16] ^ NEWS.BBC.co.uk ^ 英国广播电台新闻网站

[17] ^ NEWS.BBC.co.uk ^ 英国广播电台新闻网站

[18] ^ a b Todd Pitman and Sinfah Tunsarawuth (27 March 2011). “Thailand arrests American for alleged king insult”. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

^ a b Todd Pitman and Sinfah Tunsarawuth (2011年3月27日)。“泰国当局逮捕涉嫌侮辱泰王的美国人”。2011年5月27日索取资料。

[19] ^ “Royal Birthday Address: ‘King Can Do Wrong'”. National Media. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2007.

^ “皇家生日发言：“国王也会做错”。国家媒体，2005年12月5日报导。2007年9月26日索取资料。

[20] ^ Asiaweek, A Protective Law, 3 December 1999 vol.45 no.28

^ 亚洲周刊，“保护性法律”，1999年12月3日45集第28本。

[21] ^ Colum Murphy, “A Tug of War for Thailand’s Soul”, Far Eastern Economic Review, September 2006

^ Colum Murphy，“泰国灵魂的拔河赛”，远东经济评论，2006年9月。

[22] ^ AFP, Thai coup leader says new PM within two weeks, 19 September 2006

^ 法新社，“泰国政变领袖说两星期内选出新总理”，2006年9月19日。

[23] ^ Time, World Notes Thailand: Not Fit for a King, 15 September 1986

^ 时报周刊，世界栏，“泰国不适合国王”，1986年9月15日。

[24] ^ “A Critic May Now Look at a King”, Macan-Markar, Marwaan, The Asian Eye, 18 May 2005

^ “评论家或许可以看看国王”，Macan-Marker，Marwaan撰，亚洲眼，2005年5月18日。

[25] ^ BBC News, Sensitive heads of state, 29 March 2007

^ 英国广播电台新闻，“敏感的国家元首”，2007年3月29日报导。

[26] ^ BBC News, Thailand’s king pardons Swiss man, 12 April 2007

^ 英国广播电台新闻，“泰王赦免瑞士人的罪”。2007年4月12日。

[27] ^ The Nation (NationMultimedia.com): Police to summon Jakrapob for allegedly lese majeste

^ 国家(国家多媒体网站)：“警察召集涉嫌触犯冒犯君主罪的Jakrapob。”

[28] ^ Colonel Watanasak filed further charges against BBC reporter at CSD, Manager Online, 23 December 2008

^ “Watanasak上校在CSD提告BBC记者”，管理在线，2008年12月23日。

[29] ^ Australian man refused bail for insulting Thai King, ABC Online, 3 September 2008

^ “澳洲人拒绝侮辱泰王的保释”，ABC在线，2008年9月3日。

[30] ^ Australian arrested in Thailand for lese-majeste

^ 澳洲人在泰国因为冒犯君主罪被逮捕。

[31] ^ NEWS.BBC.co.uk, Writer jailed for Thai ‘insult’

^ 英国广播电台新闻网站，“作家在泰国因为侮辱罪而坐牢”

[32] ^ NEWS.BBC.co.uk, Thailand frees Australian writer

^ 英国广播电台新闻网站，“泰国释放澳洲作家”。

[33] ^ “Thai man arrested for Facebook post about monarchy”. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

^ “泰国人在脸书上张贴有关君主的内容被捕”。2010年4月30日。2011年5月15日索取资料。

[34] ^ “Govt cracks down on social networking forums”. Bangkok Post. 3 July 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

^ “政府镇压社交网络论坛”。泰国邮报，2010年7月3日报导。2011年5月15日索取资料。

[35] ^ Pravit Rojanaphruk (14 May 2011). “Amnesty International names Thailand’s first ‘prisoner of conscience'”. The Nation. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

^ Pravit Rojanaphruk (20115月14日)撰。“国际特赦组织称泰国为第一个良知的囚犯”。国家报。2011年5月15日索取资料。

[36] ^ “Joe Gordon, Colorado Man Living In Thailand, Arrested For Allegedly Insulting Monarchy”. Huffington Post. 27 May 2011.

^ “住在泰国的科罗拉多人Joe Gordon涉嫌侮辱君主被捕”。Huffinton邮报。2011年5月27日。

[37] ^ “Freedom Alert: American arrested in Thailand, accused of criticizing monarchy”. Freedom House.

^ “自由警报：美国人在泰国被指责批评君主被捕”。自由之家。

[38] ^ “Joe Gordon pleads guilty to lese majeste charges”. Asian Correspondent. AP. 10 October 2011. “BANGKOK (AP) – Hoping for a lenient sentence, a shackled U.S. citizen pleaded guilty Monday to charges of defaming Thailand’s royal family, a grave crime in this Southeast Asian kingdom that is punishable by up to 15 years in jail.”

^ “Joe Gordon为冒犯君主罪认罪”。亚洲通讯，太平洋，2011年10月10日。“曼谷(太平洋)—希望轻判，戴上镣铐的美国公民在星期一因为被控毁谤泰国王室而认罪，这个重大罪名可以在这个东南亚的王国里被判处最长15年的徒刑”。

[39] ^ “Thai Computer Programmer Detained After Criticizing Monarchy on Facebook”. Freedom House.

^ “泰国电脑程序员在脸书上批评君主之后被拘留”。自由之家。

[40] ^ SMH.com.au ^ 澳洲SMH网站

[41] ^ “Justice Committee Official Report (see column 2942)”. Scottish Parliament. 20 April 2010. Retrieved Feb 2011.

^ “公正委员会官方报告(见2942栏)”。苏格兰国会，2010年4月20日。2011年2月索取资料。

Categories  分类

• Crimes  罪行
• Monarchy  帝制
• French legal terms  法国法律名词

 

——- END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lese_majeste

Translated by > BlogHost — hkTan

Word Count > approx. 2900 words in English

 

Yellow Dog Contract 黄犬合同

Yellow-dog Contract  黄犬合同

 

A yellow-dog contract (a yellow-dog clause[1] of a contract, or an ironclad oath) is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union. In the United States, such contracts were, until the 1930s, widely used by employers to prevent the formation of unions, most often by permitting employers to take legal action against union organizers. In 1932, yellow-dog contracts were outlawed in the United States under the Norris-LaGuardia Act.[2][3]

黄犬合同(合同中的黄犬条款[1]，或铁皮誓言)是雇主和雇员之间的协议，雇员同意不成为工会会员是受雇条件之一。在美国，直到20世纪30年代，这样的合同广泛地被雇主用来预防工会的成立，最常见的就是允许雇主采取法律行动对付工会筹组人。1932年，黄犬合同在美国的Norris-LaGuardia法令中被禁止[2][3]。

The term yellow-dog clause can also have a different meaning: non-compete clauses within or appended to a non-disclosure agreement to prevent an employee from working for other employers in the same industry.[4]

黄犬条款这个名词也可以有不同的含义： 内部不竞争条款或附加在不披露协议之上，防止雇员为同业的雇主工作[4]。

 

Contents  目录

• Origin of term and brief history  词源与简史
• Yellow-dog union  黄犬工会
• See also  另见
• References  参考文献

 

Origin of Term and Brief History  词源与简史

In the 1870s, a written agreement containing a pledge not to join a union was commonly referred to as the “Infamous Document”. This strengthens the belief that American employers in their resort to individual contracts were consciously following English precedents. This anti-union pledge was also called an “iron clad document”, and from this time until the close of the 19th century “iron-clad” was the customary name for the non-union promise. Beginning with New York in 1887, sixteen states wrote on their statute books declarations making it a criminal act to force employees to agree not to join unions.[citation needed] The Congress of the United States incorporated in the Erdman Act of 1898 a provision relating to carriers engaged in interstate commerce.

在19世纪70年代，书面协议里包含了不加入工会的承诺通常都被称为“不名誉文件”。这种文件加强了一个信念，那就是美国雇主在诉诸个人合同时，有意追随英国的先例。这种反工会的承诺也被称为“铁皮文件”，并从这个时候起直到19世纪结束为止，“铁皮”是承诺不加入工会的的俗称。1887年从纽约开始，十六个州在他们的法典中明文宣告，迫使雇员同意不加入工会的协议是一种罪行。美国议会在1898年订立的Erdman厄尔曼法令收纳了跟州际贸易的运营商有关的条文。

During the last decade of the 19th century and the opening years of the 20th, the individual, anti-union promise declined in importance as an instrument in labor warfare. Its novelty had worn off; workers no longer felt themselves morally bound to live up to it and union organizers, of course, wholly disregarded it. In the early 20th century, the individual, anti-union promise was resorted to frequently in coal mining and in the metal trades. And it was not membership in a union that was usually prohibited, but participation in those essential activities without which membership is valueless.

在19世纪最后十年以及20世纪开始时，作为劳工福利的一件工具，个人与反工会承诺已经式微，其新鲜度已经褪色，工人不再觉得自己在道义上要遵守承诺，当然，工会组织更是完全不理会。在20世纪初，个人与反工会的承诺还经常出现在煤炭开采和金属行业中。禁止的范围通常都不是工会的会员身份，而是参与那些基本活动，不参与的话这种会员身份就没有价值了。

In 1910, the International United Brotherhood of Leather Workers on Horse Goods, following an unsuccessful conference with the National Saddlery Manufacturers’ Association, called a national strike in the saddlery industry for the 8-hour day. The strike proved a failure, and a large number of employers required verbal or written promises to abandon and remain out of the organization as a condition of re-employment.

1910年，国际马用商品皮革工人团结兄弟会跟国家马具制造商协会召开的会议谈判不成功以后，号召马具行业的全国性大罢工八个小时。这次罢工以失败收场，因为大多数雇主要求雇员口头或书面承诺放弃和不参与工会活动作为再受雇条件之一。

In the case Adair v. United States, the United States Supreme Court’s majority held that the provision of the Erdman Act relating to discharge, because it would compel an employer to accept or retain the personal services of another person against the employer’s will, was a violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which declares that no person shall be deprived of liberty or property without due process of law. The court was careful, however, to restrict the decision to the provision relating to discharge, and to express no opinion as to the remainder of the law. The section of the Erdman Act making it criminal to force employees to sign anti-union agreements therefore remained unadjudicated.

在Adair诉美国一案里，美国最高法院的多数票裁定，厄尔曼法令中有关解雇的条文会迫使雇主接受或保留另一个人违反雇主意志的个人服务，就违反了宪法的第五次修订法令，法令宣告，任何人不得未经法律的正当程序被剥夺自由或财产。法院小心地把裁定限制在跟解雇有关的条文中，对法律的其余部份就不发表任何意见。厄尔曼法令的章节规定，强迫雇员签反工会协议是刑事罪，因此是未经裁定的罪行。

The term yellow dog started appearing in the spring of 1921, in leading articles and editorials devoted to the subject which appeared in the labor press. Typical was the comment of the editor of the United Mine Workers’ Journal:

黄犬这个名词首度出现在1921年春天一个专门报道劳工报章里的一篇专栏文章。比较典型的是美国煤矿工人杂志的编辑评论：

This agreement has been well named. It is yellow dog for sure. It reduces to the level of a yellow dog any man that signs it, for he signs away every right he possesses under the Constitution and laws of the land and makes himself the truckling, helpless slave of the employer.[5]

这个协议命名得好，肯定是隻黄犬。任何签署这种合同的人都自贬为黄狗，因为他把宪法和这块土地赋予他的每一项权益都签给别人了，使自己成为雇主那个齿轮般无助的奴隶[5]。

Even though they were forbidden in the private sector by the Norris – LaGuardia Act in 1932, Yellow dog contracts were allowed in public sector, including with all sorts of government jobs, such as teachers, until the 1960s, beginning with precedent established in 1915 with Frederick v. Ownens.[6]

即使是在私营领域里被1932年的Norris-LaGuardia法令禁止，黄犬合同却在公共领域里获准使用，包括政府部门的各种工作，如教师，直到20世纪60年代才结束在1915年的Frederick诉Ownens一案中开始成立的先例[6]。

The purpose of the yellow dog contract is essentially to prevent employees from organizing. Such contracts are not enforceable, as they are illegal under the Norris-LaGuardia Act (Section 3).[7]

黄犬合同的目的主要是为了防止员工们组织工会。这样的合同不能强制执行，因为根据“Norris-LaGuardia法”(第3部)是非法的[7]。

 

Yellow-dog Union  黄犬工会

A yellow-dog union, sometimes also known as a company union refers to an employee association calling itself a trade union but which, in fact, is affiliated covertly or which is operated openly by an employer.

黄犬联盟，有时也被称为公司联盟，是指雇员协会自称为工会，但是事实上却暗中隶属于或者由雇主公开经营。

 

See also  另见

• Labour rights  劳工权益
• Labour and employment law  劳工和就业法
• Christian Labour Association of Canada  加拿大基督教劳工协会
• Coppage v. Kansas 一案

 

References  参考文献

[1] ^ JargonDatabase.com definition

^JargonDatabase.com(术语库网站)定义

[2] ^ Kaushik Basu (January 2006). “Coercion, Contract and the Limits of the Market (CAE Working Paper #06-01)”.

^Kaushik Basu(2006年1月)著的“强制性，合同以及市场的局限(CAE工作文件#06-01)”。

[3] ^ Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933, (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1957), pp. 238-239

^Arthur Schlesinger，Jr.著的“旧秩序的危机”，1919-1933，(Houghton Miffin公司，波士顿，1957)，238-239页

[4] ^ James Hague, compiler & editor, Stephen Biggs: Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers, June 2002

^James Hague，编辑与编纂人，“Stephen Biggs:Halcyon日：访问旧电脑以及电玩程序编写员”，2002年6月。

[5] ^ Joel I. Seidman, The Yellow Dog Contract, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1932, Ch. 1, pp.11-38

^Joel I.Seidman著的“黄犬合约“，Johns Hopkins出版社，1932，第一章，11-38页。

[6] ^ Slater, Joseph E.. Public Workers: Government Employee Unions, the Law and the State, 1900 – 1962. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2004.

^Slater，Joseph E著的“公共员工：政府雇员工会，法律与国家”，1900-1962。Ithaca，纽约：ILR出版社，2004.

[7] ^ Roberts, Harold S. (1986) Roberts’ Dictionary of Industrial Relations (3rd ed.). p. 800.

^Roberts，Harold S.(1986)著的“Robert的工业关系字典”(第三版)第800页。

 

Categories  分类

• Contract law  合同法
• Labour law  劳动法
• History of labor relations in the United States  美国的劳工关系史
• History of the United States (1918–1945)  美国历史(1918年至1945年)

 

Other Categories  其他分类

Contract law  合同法

Part of the common law series  普通法系列的一部分

Contract formation  合同的订立

Offer and acceptance  邀约和承约：Mailbox rule 邮箱规则

Mirror image rule 镜像规则• Invitation to treat 邀请作交易

Firm offer 确定的邀约• Consideration 代价

Defenses against formation  抗辩合约的成立

Lack of capacity 能力不足

Duress 胁迫• Undue influence 不当的影响

Illusory promise 虚假的承诺• Statute of frauds 欺诈条例

Non est factum 否认定理契约的答辩

Contract interpretation  合同的释义

Parol evidence rule 口头证据规则

Contract of adhesion 附着力合同

Integration clause 集成条款

Contra proferentem 对条文发起人不利的解读

Excuses for non-performance 不履行的藉口

Mistake 过失• Misrepresentation 失实陈述

Frustration of purpose 目的受挫• Impossibility 不可能性质

Impracticability 不可行性质• Illegality 不合法

Unclean hands 不洁的手• Unconscionability 不合情理性质

Accord and satisfaction 协定和满意度

Rights of third parties  第三方的权利

Privity of contract 相互关系的合同

Assignment 转让• Delegation 转授

Novation 约务更替• Third party beneficiary 第三方受益人

Breach of contract  违约

Anticipatory repudiation 预期废除• Cover 承保

Exclusion clause 摒除条款• Efficient breach 有效率违约

Deviation 偏差• Fundamental breach 基本的违反

Remedies  补救措施

Specific performance 具体表现

Liquidated damages 算定的赔偿金

Penal damages 刑事赔偿• Rescission 撤销

Quasi-contractual obligations  半合同法律责任

Promissory estoppel 承诺不反悔

Quantum meruit 合理金额/按劳计酬

Related areas of law  相关领域的法律

Conflict of laws 法律冲突• Commercial law 商业法

Other common law areas  其他普通法适用地区

Tort law 侵权法·Property law 产权法

Wills, trusts and estates 遗嘱，信托和产业

Criminal law 刑法• Evidence 证据

 

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-dog_clause

Translated by > BlogHost — hkTan

Word Count > approx.870 words in English

 

Mystical Israel

Mystical Israel  神秘的以色列

Israel’s unique geography and religious relevance promise a memorable and rewarding trip.

以色列的獨特地理位置和宗教的關係可以讓遊人難忘，不虛此行。

Religious tourism is evidently prominent in this country, as Israel comprises a large part of the Holy Land, a region of significant importance to all Abrahamic religion—Jews, Christians, Muslims and Baha’is. As the city of Jerusalem is of special importance to these religions, it attracts millions of visitors and devotees to perform a pilgrimage to this city. Let Diners World Travel takes you into the stunning world of Israel, where history and culture meets natural phenomenon and inspiring stories.

宗教旅遊在這個國家隨處可見，因為以色列有一大片的聖地，對亞伯拉罕宗教系的信徒如猶太人，基督徒，回教徒和巴哈伊(大同教)教徒來說都有重要意義。由於耶路撒冷是這些宗教的重要聖城，就吸引了百千萬計的訪客和信徒來朝聖。讓Diners World Travel-大來世界旅遊帶你深入以色列這個令人驚嘆的世界，看看歷史與文化跟自然景觀和激勵人心的故事如何擦撞出火花。

 

Mount of Olives  橄欖山

This mountains ridge in East Jerusalem has three peaks that run from the north to the south. It is one of the key attractions as Mount of Olives is the burial ground for many of the Jews for over 3,000 years and is home to about 150,000 graves.

這個位於以色列東部的山脊有三個山峰，從北到南延伸，這是橄欖山的主要景點之一，因為這座山是三千多年來猶太人的墳場，共有15萬個墳墓。

 

Jerusalem The Old City  耶路撒冷老城區

Heavily fortified with a strong city wall, the Old City is divided into four different quarters, namely Muslim quarters, Christian quarters, Jewish quarters and Armenian quarters. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Old City features many interesting sites, which one of it is the Jewish quarter that possesses a long and rich history, as can be seen through its exquisite architecture and artefacts. Don’t miss out the Crusader Church of St Anne, and the Pool of Bethesda, as well as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, where Jesus was crucified.

這座老城被堅固的城牆圍起來，裡面分成四個住宅區，分別是回教徒社區，基督徒社區和亞美尼亞人社區，已經成為聯合國教科文組織承認的世界遺產。老城區裡有許多有趣的地點，其中一個是歷史悠久遺產豐富的猶太人社區，可以從精美的建築和文物看出來。別錯過聖安妮的十字軍教堂，畢士大水池，還有耶穌被釘在十字架上的聖幕教堂。

 

Jerusalem The New City  耶路撒冷新城區

Within the New City stands an interesting architecture, the Israel Museum, the largest cultural institutions in the State of Israel and ranked among the world’s leading art and archaeology museums. It is home to archaeology, fine arts, Jewish Art and Life Wings, and also features the most extensive holdings of biblical and Holy Land archaeology in the world. The highlight of the museum includes Shrine of the Book, which houses the Dead Sea Scrolls, the world’s oldest biblical manuscripts.

新城區裡有一座有趣的建築叫以色列博物館，是以色列國內最大的文化機構，在全世界著名的藝術與考古博物館中赫赫有名。這裡是考古學和美術作品的家，猶太人藝術和生命的展示廳也收藏了全世界最多的聖經文獻和聖地的文物，鎮館之寶包括書的神壇，裡面藏了死海古卷這份世界上最古老的聖經手稿。

 

Masada  馬薩達

A rugged natural fortress overlooking the Dead Sea, Masada is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and also an archaeology site of significant importance. The Masada complex, built by Herod the Great, King of Judaea, is an example of opulent architectural design, and boasts a sophisticated water system of that time. Also famous for its ancient palaces and fortifications, and the first Jewish-Roman war against the Roman Empire, Masada itself is like a massive museum. An excellent example would be the Palace of Herod the Great, a luxurious villa of the Early Roman Empire, whilst the camps and other fortifications that encircle the monument constitute the finest and most complete Roman siege works to have survived to the present day.

Masada-馬薩達這座天然要塞俯瞰死海，現在也是聯合國教科文組織確認的世界遺產地點，也是具有重要意義的考古現場。馬薩達建築群是猶太國王希律王所建，是個華麗建築設計的典範，當時就擁有傲人的複雜水利系統。另外，這個地方也因為古代宮殿和防禦工事而著名，參與了反抗羅馬帝國的第一次猶太人對羅馬人的戰役，因此馬薩達本身就是一個龐大的博物館。特出的古蹟就是希律王的宮殿，早期羅馬帝國的豪華別墅，裡面的營地和其他防禦工事環繞著整個遺址而建，保留了最完整最精緻的羅馬時代圍堵工事，至今不損。

 

Dead Sea  死海

Bordering Jordan, Israel and the West Bank, Dead Sea is Earth’s lowest elevation on land, and is also the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. Containing the world’s saltiest body of water, few animals are able to survive in the Dead Sea, but one can still find camels, hares and foxes in the mountains nearby. Enjoy a mud bath, which is rich in minerals, or experience a swim in the Dead Sea, as many believe it to be therapeutic.

跟約旦，以色列和西岸接壤的死海是地球上海拔最低的土地，也是世界上最深的鹽湖。這個湖有全世界最咸的水，很少動物能在死海裡生存，但還是可以在附近的山區裡找到駱駝，野兔和狐狸。你可以在死海裡享受富有礦物質的泥浴，或者在死海裡游泳，很多人都相信有治病療效。

 

—— END ——

 

Source > The Travel Times Newsletter  旅遊時光報

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 540 words in English

 

Prostate Cancer

Vitamin E tied to higher risk of prostate cancer

维生素E跟患前列腺癌的高风险有關

 

Men taking daily vitamin E were more likely to get prostate cancer than those not taking the dietary supplement, according to a study of close to 35,000 North Americans.

每日服用维生素E的男性比那些不服用膳食补充剂的人更容易患上前列腺癌，这是根据一项有三万五千名北美人参与的研究所发现的。

This means that over a decade, one or two men out of 100 taking vitamin E would be expected to get prostate cancer, said the researchers, whose findings were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

研究员说，这就表示了十多年来，每一百位服用维生素E的男性中有一两位会患上前列腺癌，这项研究结果已经在在美国医学协会杂志上发表。

“If you have enough of these vitamins in your system…extra doesn’t help you any, and too much of something like this can be harmful,” said Eric Klein from the Cleveland Clinic, one of the study’s authors, to Reuters Health.

其中一位来自Cleveland诊所的报告书作者之一的Eric Klein对路透社健康版的记者说，“如果你体内的系统已经有足够的维生素，再多一些是一点助益也没有，而且太多的话还可能对你有害。”

The findings come on the heels of a study suggesting that older women who take multivitamins have slightly increased death rates compared to those who don’t.

这项研究也证实了另一项研究的觀點認為，吃多种维生素合成药剂的年长妇女的死亡率比起那些不吃的人来得高。

“There’s a theme here that taking vitamins is not only not helpful but could be harmful” in people who are not deficient in vitamins, Klein added.

Klein说：“这里的主题是说，服用合成维生素药丸对那些不缺维生素的人不但没有帮助而且还可能有害。”

But one researcher who wasn’t part of the new study said he doubted it means vitamin E causes prostate cancer.

但是，有一位不属于这项研究的研究员说，他很怀疑这项研究可以断定维生素E会导致前列腺癌。

“It’s an interesting finding. I’m not sure I believe it,” said Neil Fleshner, from the University of Toronto, adding that the result may have been a chance finding or false positive.

来自多伦多大学的Neil Fleshner说，“这是个有趣的发现，但我不确定要不要相信。”他补充说，这项研究结果还是有可能是个案的假象。

For the study, men in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Starting between 2001 and 2004, about 9,000 men in each group took daily supplements of 400 international units (IU) of vitamin E, 200 micrograms of selenium, vitamin E and selenium together or a vitamin-free placebo pill.

这项研究随机地把来自美国，加拿大和波多黎各的男性分配到四个小组，从2001到2004年间，每一组都有九千多人每天吞食有四百个国际单位(IU)的维生素E合成药丸，两百微克的

200微克的硒，维生素E和硒一起吃或者没有维生素的安慰剂药丸。

The study was halted in late 2008 when the researchers saw a hint of an increased risk of prostate cancer in the men taking vitamin E. But they kept monitoring men for cancer after they stopped taking the supplements. It turned out that the extra risk became clearer over time.

到了2008年年尾，研究员看到服用维生素E的男性患上前列腺癌的风险有增加的迹象时，这项研究马上终止，但他们继续观察患癌的人在停止服用补充剂后的状况，结果时日一久风险就越明显。

By mid-2011, about seven percent of men who had taken vitamin E only had gotten prostate cancer, compared to six percent of those assigned to placebo pills.

2011年年中，只有大约7％吃过维生素E药丸的人已经得到前列腺癌，而分配到安慰剂药丸的人患癌的有6%。

The researchers did not find an extra risk of prostate cancer in men who took only selenium or vitamin E together with selenium.

研究员并没有发现那些只吃硒或维生素E与硒一起吃的的男性有患上前列腺癌的的额外风险。

Klein and his colleagues said it’s not clear how vitamin E would increase the risk of prostate cancer, and that not all past studies have shown it does any harm to the prostate. Some have even found a lower prostate-cancer risk with vitamin E.

Klein和他的同事们说，目前还不清楚维生素E是如何会增加患前列腺癌的风险，但并不是所有以前的研究都显示对前列腺有害，有些人甚至发现维生素E使到患前列腺癌的风险降低。

He added that the new findings aren’t definite proof that vitamin E causes extra prostate cancers, but that there wasn’t anything else that could explain why men taking the vitamin were more likely to be diagnosed with cancer — for example, they weren’t screened more frequently.

他补充说，这个新发现并没有明确地证明维生素E会产生多余的前列腺癌细胞，但也没有其他理由可以解释为什么服用维生素的男性更容易被诊断出致癌—譬如说，他们并没有接受很多次的断层扫描。

The supplement doses, he added, are much higher than what’s in most over-the-counter multivitamins, which typically contain 15 to 25 IU of vitamin E.

他接着说，补充剂量比起大多数的柜台在卖的多种维生素药丸还高得多，都有15至25 IU的维生素E成份在内。

Fleshner said that either way, vitamin E doesn’t seem to be beneficial for prostate health.

Fleshner说，无论是哪一种吃法，维生素E似乎都对前列腺的健康没有好处。

“There’s certainly no major evidence that vitamin E helps, so why bother?” he said.

他说，“当然也没有主要的证据显示维生素E对健康有益，那又何必管是怎么个吃法？”

While vitamin supplements are known to prevent disease in people who have vitamin deficiencies, so far studies haven’t found much extra benefit in people who already get enough vitamins through their diet. Specifically, vitamin E has not been shown to protect against heart disease, colon cancer or lung cancer.

大家都知道维生素补充剂是用来防止缺维生素的人患病，到目前为止，各项研究并没有发现在食谱中摄取足够维生素的人有得到更多的好处，特别是维生素E并没有显示出能有效防止心脏病，结肠癌或肺癌。

On the other hand, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting supplements may be harmful in high doses.

另一方面，有越来越多的证据在暗示剂量太多可能对身体有害。

“Vitamins are not innocuous substances,” Klein said.

Klein说，“维生素并不是无害的物质。”

 

—— END ——

 

Source > Reuters-路透社，October 12, 2011

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 600 words in English

Vitamin D

Vitamin D supplements can lower risk of dying

补充维生素D可降低死亡的风险

 

Boosting the level of vitamin D by using supplements for someone who is vitamin D deficient can lower his risk of dying by 60 percent, a new study found.

一项新的研究发现，为欠缺维他命D的人提供补充维生素可以加强维他命D的水平，降低60%的死亡风险。

Analyzing data on 10,889 patients, University of Kansas Hospital researchers found that 70 percent of them were deficient in vitamin D, with levels below the 30 nanograms per millilitre considered necessary for good health.

分析10889个病例患者的数据之后，堪萨斯大学医院的研究人员发现，其中70％缺乏维生素D的病人缺乏健康良好所需的低于每毫升30毫微克的水平。

After taking into account the patients’ medical history, medication and other factors, the cardiologists found that people with deficient levels of vitamin D were more than twice as likely to have diabetes. 40 per cent more likely to have high blood pressure and about 30 percent more likely to suffer from cardiomyopathy-diseased heart muscle-as people without this deficiency.

考虑到病人的病史，药物和其他因素后，心脏病学家发现，缺乏维生素D的人比起不缺乏的人有两倍以上的机率患上糖尿病，40％的机率有高血压，大约有30％机率会患上有心脏病菌的心肌病。

Overall, those who were deficient in vitamin D had a three-fold higher likelihood of dying from any cause than those who were not deficient, the researchers reported in the American Journal of Cardiology.

总的来说，那些缺乏维生素D的人比起那些不欠缺的人有三倍可能性会死于任何病因，这是研究人员在美国心脏病学杂志提出的报告。

When the tem look at people who took vitamin D supplements, their risk of death from any cause was about 60 per cent lower than the rest of the patients, although the effect was strongest among those who were vitamin D deficient at the time they were tested.

研究小组观察了食用维生素D补充剂的人发现，他们因为任何原因引起的死亡风险比其余的患者低了60％左右，虽然效果会在这些人进行测试期欠缺维生素D时最明显。

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to a range of illnesses, but few studies have demonstrated that supplements could prevent those diseases.

欠缺维生素D跟一系列疾病有关联，但很少有研究显示补充剂可以预防这些疾病。

Dr.James L.Vacek, a professor of cardiology at the University of Kansas Hospital and Medical Center, said : “We expected to see a relationship between heart disease and vitamin D deficiency; we were surprised at how strong it was.”

堪萨斯州大学医院和医疗中心心脏病科教授Dr.James L. Vacek说：“我们有准备看到心脏疾病和维生素D缺乏症之间的关系，但关联之紧密让我们感到惊讶。”

But the study does not prove that vitamin D is the cause of the effects seen. Other factors, such as disease, could be responsible both for the differences in health and the differences in vitamin D levels.

但这项研究并没有证明维生素D是所观察到的效果的主因。其他因素如病菌也可能造成健康与维生素D不同水平之间的差异。

Still, people should get about 90 per cent of vitamin D from the sun and about 10 per cent from food, Dr Vacek said.

Vacek博士说，尽管如此，人们还是应该从阳光中吸收大约90％的维生素D以及从食物中摄取大约10％的维生素D。

The human body makes vitamin D in response to skin exposure to sunlight. At least 10 minutes of full-body exposure to sunlight each day is required to get a sufficient amount of vitamin D, Dr Vacek said.

皮肤暴露在阳光下时人体会制造维生素D。Vacek博士说，每天有至少10分钟让全身暴露在阳光下才能得到足够的维生素D含量。

Certain types of food, such as oily fish, eggs and enriched milk products, are also good sources of vitamin D.

某些食物，如油性鱼，蛋和加工的奶类制品，也是维生素D的好来源。

The findings mean that adults should consider getting their vitamin D levels checked through a simple blood test and take vitamin D supplements if they are deficient, said Dr Vacek.

Vacek博士说，这个发现意味着，成年人应该考虑通过简单的血液测试去检查他们的维生素D水平，如果有所欠缺，就吃维生素D补充剂。

He said: “If you’re not deficient, vitamin D is not a magic pill that will make you live longer. Its benefit is in people who are deficient.”

他说：“如果你不缺乏，维生素D也不是什么神奇药丸能让你活得更长久。它只是对欠缺的人有好处。”

 

—— END ——

 

Source > Newspaper Article

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 500 words in English

Vis Major

Vis Major  主要可见

 

Vis major (play /ˌvɪs ˈmeɪdʒər/; in Latin ‘a superior force’) is a greater or superior force; an irresistible force. It may be a loss that results immediately from a natural cause that could not have been prevented by the exercise of prudence, diligence and care. It is also termed as vis divina or superior force.

主要可见(拉丁语是指“优势”)是一个更大的优势力量，一种不可抗拒的力量。它可能是一个审慎，尽力和小心还是无法预防损失的自然成因所造成的损失。它也被称为vis divina或优势力量。

It is an irresistible violence; inevitable accident or act of God. Its nature and power absolutely uncontrollable, for example, the inroads of a hostile army or forcible robberies, may relieve from liability from contract.

这是个不可阻挡的破坏行为;不可避免的意外或天灾。它的性质和力量绝对无法控制，例如，敌方军队或强行抢劫的势力介入，就可以缓解合同中的法律责任。

This term has specific meaning in regard to strict liability. Strict liability in the law of torts allows for the accrual of liability against an actor where there is no fault or proximate cause given the damages arose from their participation in an ultrahazardous activity, i.e. blasting, damming of water, etc. However, “vis major” offers an exception to such liability. In Fletcher v. Rylands In the Exchequer Chamber, L.R. 1 Ex. 265, 1866, affirmed in the House of Lords on appeal in Rylands v. Fletcher L.R. 3 H.L. 330, the exception of vis major is introduced:

这个术语在严格责任方面有特别的含义。在侵权法中，严格责任允许一名行事者在没有人犯错或没有近因的情况下参与高度危险的活动时，如爆破, 水坝破裂等等造成的损伤不必负责赔偿。不过，“重大事件“对这种赔偿责任则有例外。在Fletcher诉Rylands（财政大臣厅内,LR 1 Ex.265，1866年)案中，众议院上议院在Rylands诉Fletcher(LR 3 HL 330)上诉案里肯定了“大事件”也有例外之处：

“[Defendant] can excuse himself by showing that the escape [of a dangerous substance] was owing to the plaintiff’s default; or perhaps that the escape was the consequence of vis major, or the act of God… [emphasis added]” -Blackburn J Fletcher v. Rylands L.R. 1 Ex. 265, 1866.

“[被告]可以不必负责，但必须证明躲避[危险性质]是原告的错，或者躲避是因为重大事件或天灾的结果….. [特别强调] “Fletchers诉Rylands LR 1 Ex.265，1866。

The existence of vis major, or an act of God, will preclude the use of the theory of strict liability given the impossibility of anticipating such an event. (Think of a dam breaking after a hurricane where there is no negligence found on the part of the owner/operator of the dam.)

由于此类事件无法预见，大事件或天灾的存在将预先排除使用严格责任的理论。（想象一个飓风过后的破坝，在拥有人/经营者那里找不到任何疏忽的行为）。

 

See also  另见

• Force majeure 不可抗力

 

References 参考文献

• Black’s Law Dictionary, P.1567, 7th Edn.,

布莱克法律词典，P.1567，第七版。

• Mitra’s Legal & Commercial Dictionary – 4th Edn., Eastern Law House, Page 790

Mitra法律和商业词典 – 第4版，东方律师楼，790页。

• Prosser Wade and Schwartz’s Torts: Cases and Materials, 11th Edn., Foundation Press, P. 694

Prosser Wade与Schwartz的侵权法：案例与资料，第11版，基金会出版社，第694页。

Categories 分类

• Contract law 合同法

Part of the common law series 普通法系列的一部分

• Contract formation 合同的订立

Offer and acceptance 邀约和承约：Mailbox rule 邮箱规则

Mirror image rule 镜像规则 • Invitation to treat 邀请作交易

Firm offer 确定的邀约 • Consideration 代价

• Defenses against formation 抗辩合约的成立

Lack of capacity 能力不足

Duress 胁迫• Undue influence 不当的影响

Illusory promise 虚假的承诺• Statute of frauds 欺诈条例

Non est factum 否认定理契约的答辩

• Contract interpretation 合同的释义

Parol evidence rule 口头证据规则

Contract of adhesion 附着力合同

Integration clause 集成条款

Contra proferentem 对条文发起人不利的解读

• Excuses for non-performance 不履行的藉口

Mistake 过失 • Misrepresentation 失实陈述

Frustration of purpose 目的受挫 • Impossibility 不可能性质

Impracticability 不可行性质 • Illegality 不合法

Unclean hands 不洁的手 • Unconscionability 不合情理性质

Accord and satisfaction 协定和满意度

• Rights of third parties 第三方的权利

Privity of contract 相互关系的合同

Assignment 转让 • Delegation 转授

Novation 约务更替 • Third party beneficiary 第三方受益人

• Breach of contract 违约

Anticipatory repudiation 预期废除• Cover 承保

Exclusion clause 摒除条款 • Efficient breach 有效率违约

Deviation 偏差 • Fundamental breach 基本的违反

• Remedies 补救措施

Specific performance 具体表现

Liquidated damages 算定的赔偿金

Penal damages 刑事赔偿 • Rescission 撤销

• Quasi-contractual obligations 半合同法律责任

Promissory estoppel 承诺不反悔

Quantum meruit 合理金额/按劳计酬

• Related areas of law 相关领域的法律

Conflict of laws 法律冲突 • Commercial law 商业法

• Other common law areas 其他普通法适用地区

Tort law 侵权法 · Property law 产权法

Wills, trusts and estates 遗嘱，信托和产业

Criminal law 刑法 • Evidence 证据

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_major

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx.330 words

 

India Trains

Luxury Trains of India  印度的豪華列車

Experience the lifestyles of kings and maharajas by traversing India in luxury trains

坐印度的豪華列車穿越印度去體驗王公貴族們的生活方式

Golden Chariot  金輦號

A luxury train filled to the brim with modern amenities, the Golden Chariot offers three distinct tour packages to choose from. Each of these tours has been designed to showcase the essence of the South India states of Karnataka as well as Goa.

這是一列現代化設施齊全的豪華火車，金輦號提供了三種不同的旅遊配套供選擇。這些旅遊配套都特別設計來展現南印度的Karnataka-卡納塔克邦和Goa-果阿邦的精髓。

For eight days and seven nights, the Golden Chariot takes its passengers across time through ancient kingdoms such as Hampi, Halebid, and Badami. During this magical trip, the juxtaposition of the historical heritage of the places displayed across towns like Belur, Bangalore and Mysore with the wildlife heritage of Kabini and also the state-of-the art amenities of Goa enables passengers to completely indulge their senses on an all-inclusive package.

金輦號用八天七夜的時間帶領乘客跨入時空進入古代的王國如Hampi-漢比，Halebid-哈力比和Badami-芭打泥。在這段神奇的旅程中，鄉鎮如Belur-波爐耳，Bangalore-班加羅和Mysore-麥索耳所展示的歷史古蹟穿插了Kabini-卡比尼的野生動物遺產以及果阿最先進的設施，讓乘客的感官知覺可以完全沉浸在這個全包在內的配套中。

Besides the luxurious destinations, the guests are also welcome to get themselves pampered onboard the Golden Chariot. The various amenities that a guest could avail of include two in-house restaurants, namely, Nala and Ruchi; one lounge bar; a gym as well as a Spa. A variety of cuisines are served in the most tasteful manner in the restaurants and the “Mandira” bar is the perfect place to unwind and relax. The accommodation options too have been very well taken care of through this 11-coach wonder. Each of these coaches has been artistically adorned to offer cozy comforts as well as the luxury of a 5-star vacation.

除了到金碧辉煌的目的地，客人也可以在金輦號上寵一下自己，車上可以用的各種設施有兩個內部餐廳，名叫Nala-娜拉和Ruichi-如意騎；一個酒吧；一個健身室和一個水療浴室。餐廳提供了各種美食和有品味的服務方式，而Mandira-慢笛拉酒吧就是個解壓和放鬆的理想場所。住宿的選擇在這神奇的11節車廂裡有妥善的安排，每一節車廂都裝潢得很有藝術感，提供乘客舒適的感覺以及豪華的五星級假期。

 

Palace on Wheels  車輪上的宮殿

Once used by the rulers of the states of Rajputana, Gujarat, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Viceroy of British India, the Palace on Wheels is a fully air-conditioned and luxurious train comprising of 14 deluxe saloons, each with four twin-bedded cabins attached with facilities such as bath and shower with hot and cold water, attached toilets, channel music, intercom, interesting games for children and wall-to-wall carpeting.

車輪上的宮殿曾經被Rajputana-拉之不大拿和Gujarat-骨加辣的統治者，Hyderabad-海德拉拔邦的Nizam-泥沾王以及British India-英屬印度總督的Viceroy總督使用過，是全部空調的豪華列車，共有14節豪華車廂，每一個車廂都有四間廂房，各有兩張床，附浴室，有冷熱水，也有廁所，音樂播放，對講機，供兒童玩的遊戲以及牆連牆的地毯。

Named after different states in Rajasthan, these saloons are decorated in accordance with the culture and characteristics of the respective places. The Palace on Wheels also has two restaurants cum kitchen cars—the Maharaja and the Maharani offering traditional Indian, Rajasthani, Continental and Chinese cuisine. At the end of each coach is a separate lounge providing passengers a relaxing atmosphere when they come out of their bedrooms; the lounge provides an exotic view of great Indian countryside.

這些廂房都根據Rajasthan-拉賈斯坦邦的不同區域命名，也根據這些地方文化特色去裝飾，車輛上的宮殿有兩間餐廳和廚房車，分別名為Maharaja-馬哈拉甲和Maharani-馬哈拉你，提供印度，Rajasthani-拉賈斯坦尼，印度大陸和中國菜。每一節車廂的尾端都有一個隔開的休息室讓乘客從臥室出來享受輕鬆的氣氛，通過車廂的玻璃窗觀賞印度農村的世外景色。

Within the seven-nights-eight-days route of Palace on Wheels, you will have the opportunity to visit many beautiful cities, historical monuments, wildlife sanctuaries and experience the enjoyment of your lifetime. The train leaves Delhi every Wednesday.

在車輪上的宮殿那個八天七夜的路上，你有機會參觀沿途的許多美麗城市，歷史古蹟，野生動物保護區，體驗一生難得的享受。列車在每個星期三從新德里啟程。

 

Deccan Odyssey Train  得幹長途號列車

If Europe has the Orient Express and Palace on Wheels belongs to Rajasthan, Maharasthra is synonymous with the Deccan Odyssey. Deccan Odyssey is the result of a collaboration between and the famous Taj Group of hotels and the Indian Railway, and is a complete five-star hotel on wheels, with two restaurants, a bar, a sauna, a business centre and other such amenities on board.

如果歐洲有東方快車，Rajasthani-拉賈斯坦尼有車輪宮殿，Mahasrasthra-馬哈式拉式塔拉就跟Deccan Odyssey Train-得幹長途號列車齊名，Deccan Odyssey Train-得幹長途列車是著名的Taj-大志酒店集團和印度鐵道局的合作項目，完全是一個車輪上的五星級酒店，有兩間餐廳，一個酒吧，一间桑拿浴室，一個商務中心和其他設施。

Starting from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai, the Deccan Odyssey transports its guests on an unforgettable weeklong journey, the Deccan Odysseys’s route brings you past exotic destinations covering the vast expanse of Maharashtra and a pinch of Goa—Mumbai, Ganpatipule, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Goa, Pune, Aurangabad, Ajanta and Ellora.

從孟買的Chhatrapati Shivaji-茶拉塔拉趴地始吧記總站啟程，Deccan Odyssey-得幹長途號帶領乘客撘上一個星期長的難忘旅程，Deccan Odyssey-得幹長途號的路線帶你經過有異國情調的地點，橫跨一大片Maharashtra-馬哈式拉式塔拉的土地以及果阿的重鎮如Ganpatipule-甘趴地普樂，Ratnagiri-拉拿吉里，Sindhudurg-興都德，Goa-果阿, Pune-普涅，Aurangabad-奧蘭嘎巴，Ajanta-阿沾塔和Ellora-伊洛拉。

 

Royal Orient Train  皇家東方號列車

As you embark on your journey by the Royal Orient train, you get to explore two of the most fascinating and culturally rich states of India, Gujarat and Rajasthan. A joint venture of the Tourism Corporation of Gujarat and the Indian Railways, the Royal Orient train is fitted with all the modern conveniences you would expect in five star hotels. Every cabin is clean, comfortable and furnished tastefully. The cabins have spacious baths attached to them, equipped with running hot and cold water.

一搭上皇家東方號列車的旅程，你就可以探索印度的Gujarat-骨加辣邦和Rajasthan-拉賈斯坦邦這兩個最迷人，文化氣息最濃厚的地方，這是Gujarat-骨加辣邦的旅遊部門和印度鐵道局的合作項目。皇家列車號上備有所有你可以在五星級酒店裡找到的現代化便利設施，每一個寬敞的車廂都很乾淨，舒適，裝潢得有品位，廂房裡也附浴室，有冷熱水供應。

Starting from Delhi Cantonment Station, the Royal Orient offers a seven-day-eight-night package covering important heritage tourist locations in Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some of the tourist spots covered are the Qutub Minar, Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, Chittorgarh Fort and Rani Padmini’s Palace in Chittorgarh, Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Lake Palace in Udaipur, the Gir Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat and the Hawa Mahal and Jantar Mantar in Jaipur.

從Delhi-德里的Cantonment Station-廣東民站啟程，皇家列車號提供了七天八夜的旅遊配套，包括Rajasthan-拉賈斯坦和Gujarat-骨加辣境內重要的人文遺產旅遊景點如，德里的Qutub Minar-庫土卜塔， Red Fort-紅砲台和Jama Masjid-賈瑪清真寺，Chittorgarh-奇多兒嘎的Chittorgarh Fort奇多兒嘎砲台和Rani Padmini-拉你帕迷你皇后的宮殿，Ahmedabad-阿麥達巴的Sabarmati Ashram沙芭馬地(聖雄甘地的)靈修所，Udaipur-烏代普洱的Lake Palace湖上宮殿，Gujarat-骨加辣的Gir Wildlife Sanctuary-極樂野生動物自然棲息地，以及Jaipur加普洱區的Hawa Mahal-微風宮殿和Jantar Mantar佔大漫大天文台。

 

—— END ——

 

Source > The Travel Times Newsletter   旅遊時光報

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 700 words in English

 

Atrial Fibrillation

The Bare Facts about Atrial Fibrillation

关于房颤的赤裸事实

 

What is Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disturbance, causing the heart to beat either too quickly or too slowly. In atrial fibrillation, the atria or the upper chambers of the heart beat too quickly or out of step with the ventricles or lower chambers. This interferes with the heart’s steady heartbeat and thus reduces the efficiency with which blood is pumped in the heart and blood stasis or pooling can occur. Blood that does not flow due to being pooled in the atria then begins to form into clots. These clots can dislodge and travel in the bloodstream, potentially blocking blood vessels in the brain and leading to ischaemic stroke.

什么是房颤？

房颤-心房纤维性颤动是最常见的心脏节律紊乱，导致心脏跳动太快或太慢。房颤是因为心房或上心室心脏跳得太快或者与心室或下心室的节奏脱序。这就干扰了心脏的顺利心跳，从而降低血液泵入心脏的效率，可能会导致血液淤滞或囤积。血液因为囤积在心房不流通就开始形成血块。这些凝块也可以脱落在血液中游行，很有可能阻塞在大脑中的神经线，导致缺血性中风。

 

Is this something that I need to be aware of?

Atrial fibrillation affects 6.3 million people in the US, Japan, Germany, Italy, France, UK and Spain. With an ageing population, this is expected to increase to 7.5 million people by 2017. It is estimated that the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is 1% of the total population and the prevalence of the Atrial fibrillation rises sharply with advancing age. This figure increases to over 10% in people over the age of 80. Nearly one in four people will develop AF in their lifetime, with a slightly higher incidence in men than in women(24% vs 22%, respectively).

这是我需要注意的东西吗？

心房纤维性颤动影响了美国，日本，德国，意大利，法国，英国和西班牙的630万人。随着人口老化，预计到了2017年将增加到750万人。估计房颤的患病率会占总人口的1％，而房颤的患病率也会随着年龄的增长大幅度上升。这个数字在超过80岁的人身上会上升到10％以上。几乎每四个人就有一人会在一生中发展出房颤，男性的发病率略高于女性（分别为24％对22％）。

 

Are you at risk?

The risk of developing atrial fibrillation does increases with age, roughly doubling with each decade. There are, however, other risk factors and these include structural heart disease, valvular disease, hypertension, diabetes, thyroid disease, alcohol and substance misuse, and family history of atrial fibrillation.

你有危险吗？

患上房颤的风险会随着年龄增加，大约每10年就翻一倍。然而，还有其他危险因素，其中包括结构性心脏病，瓣膜病，高血压，糖尿病，甲状腺疾病，酒精和药物滥用和房颤的家族史。

 

How can I recognize the symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

Many patients with atrial fibrillation may not display any symptoms and therefore are unaware of their condition. Patients with atrial fibrillation may experience palpitations, fatigue and weakness, dizziness or fainting, shortness of breath, angina(chest pains).

我该如何辨认出房颤的症状？

许多房颤患者可能不会显示任何症状，因此不知道自己的病情。房颤的患者可能出现心悸，乏力和虚弱，头晕或昏厥，气短，心绞痛（胸痛）。

 

What are the complications associated with atrial fibrillation?

Ischaemic stroke is a major complication associated with atrial fibrillation. This is caused by a piece of blood clot leaving the atria, passing into the circulation and blocking a blood vessel which supplies the brain with oxygen and nutrients.

Persistent atrial fibrillation also increases the risk of heart failure and death. Atrial fibrillation is associated with a reduction in quality of life, including day-to-day functioning and well-being, due to severity of symptoms and complexities of current anticoagulation therapy.

与房颤相关的并发症有哪些？

缺血性中风是一个重大的并发症，与房颤有关联。这是由于一块脱离心房的血块，因为血液循环而阻塞供应大脑氧气与营养的血管。

持续性房颤也增加了心脏衰竭和死亡的风险。由于症状的严重性以及目前抗凝血治疗的复杂程度，房颤会降低生活质量，包括日常的生活起居和便利。

 

Is there an impact of atrial fibrillation on stroke?

People with atrial fibrillation are at higher risk of developing a blood clot which increases the risk of stroke by up to 5 times. Strokes related to atrial fibrillation tend to be more severe than those related to other conditions. The first time a person suffers a stroke, it is often particularly severe. In fact 20% will be fatal and 60% of these will result in disabling. Approximately 50% of people who have a stroke related to atrial fibrillation are estimated to die within a year. Among the survivors with atrial fibrillation, the recurrence of stroke is more frequent and brain damage is more likely to be severe.

房颤是否会影响中风？

患上房颤的人更有可能发展出血液凝块，中风的风险也增加到五倍之多。跟房颤有关的中风往往比其他相关原因更为严重。一个人第一次中风时，通常都很严重。事实上20％会是致命的，60％会导致体障。大约有50％因为房颤而中风的人估计会在一年之内死亡。房颤的幸存者当中，中风复发更频繁，脑损伤会更严重。

 

What are the consequences of stroke?

Stroke is a leading cause of premature death and disability and its consequences can be devastating, both to the affected individual and their family. Every year, 15 million people worldwide suffer a stroke and of these over 5 million are fatal and another 5 million are left permanently disabled. Stroke can result in paralysis, pain, loss of speech and understanding, and affect memory, thought and emotional processes.

中风有哪些后果？

中风是导致早死和残疾的主要原因，其后果可以是灾难性的，对自己和家人的影响来说都一样。每年，全球有1千5百万人受中风所害，超过500万个案例是致命的，还有500万人永久伤残。中风可能导致瘫痪，疼痛，讲话和理解的失准，还影响记忆，思维和情绪。

 

What can I do if I think I have the symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

See your doctor today and get screened for atrial fibrillation. Your doctor will be able to advise you on your treatment options where necessary or call our hotline 12345678 today to find out more about atrial fibrillation.

如果我认为我有房颤的症状，我能做些什么呢？

今天去看医生，检查是否有房颤。您的医生将能够建议您的治疗方案，必要的话，今天就可拨我们的热线12345678询问更多详情。

 

Text provided by Boehringer Ingelheim  文本由Boehringer Ingelheim提供

 

 —— END ——

Source > Medical Advertisement 医疗广告

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 670 words in English

 

Vegan Effects

Side Effects of Becoming a Vegetarian

成为素食者的副作用

 

A vegetarian diet is a healthy choice if you pay attention to nutritional requirements and follow a balanced eating plan. The Mayo Clinic created a vegetarian food pyramid that recommends daily food intake of six servings of grains, five servings of nuts, beans, legumes and other protein foods, four servings of vegetables, two of fruit and two of unsaturated fats. (See References 5) Inattention to dietary needs can create side effects that are unpleasant and unhealthy. For vegans, who avoid all animal products, countering potential dietary deficiencies is particularly important.

如果你注重营养的需求和追随一套平衡的饮食计划，素食食谱就是一项健康的选择。Maya诊所建立了一套金字塔式的素食表推荐每日要吃的六份谷物，五份坚果，干豆，豆类和其他蛋白质食物，四份蔬菜，两份水果和两份不饱和脂肪(见参考文献5)。忽视饮食需要会产生一些不舒服和不健康的副作用，对素食者来说，避免吃任何动物的肉类就更需要其他食物来源去应付营养不足的潜在问题。

 

Vitamin B12 Deficiency  缺乏维生素B12

If you are a strict vegetarian and eat no dairy, eggs or other animal products, your diet may be deficient in vitamin B12. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include anemia, weakness, poor balance and tingling in the arms and legs, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. B12 is important for metabolism, maintenance of the central nervous system and the formation of red blood cells. Vegetarian sources of B12 include fortified grains and nutritional yeast, as well as vitamin supplements. (See References 1)

如果你是个严格的素食主义者，不吃乳制品，蛋或其他动物食品，你的食谱中可能会缺乏维生素B-12。根据马里兰大学医疗中心的报告，缺乏维生素B-12的症状有贫血，虚弱，平衡感差以及手脚刺痛。B-12对新陈代谢，中枢神经系统和红血球的形成与维护都重要。素食者的B12食物来源包括一些强化营养的谷物和营养酵母，还有维生素补充剂(见参考文献1)。

 

Iron Deficiency 缺铁性贫血

The most readily absorbed iron is available in foods many vegetarians do not consume: red meats, poultry and fish. A lack of sufficient iron can cause anemia. Symptoms of low iron include exhaustion, weakness, slow cognitive development, chills and increased susceptibility to infection. Women who suffer from iron deficiency can give birth to premature or low birth weight infants. But the type of iron found in beans, lentils, enriched grains, spinach, raisins and tofu is adequate for normal nutritional needs. The National Institutes for Health recommends that vegetarians get twice as much iron as non-vegetarians because the type of iron they consume is more difficult to absorb. NIH advises vegetarians to increase iron absorption by taking vitamin C or consuming citrus with plant-based iron sources. (See References 4)

最容易被人体吸收的铁质都在许多素食者不吃的食品中如红肉，家禽和鱼类。因此，缺铁可以导致贫血，缺铁的症状包括疲惫，虚弱，认知过程缓慢，畏寒，以及容易被细菌感染。缺铁的妇女可以难产或产下体重轻的婴儿。但是，豆类，扁豆，加工谷物，菠菜，葡萄干和豆腐里的铁质都能提供正常的营养需求。国家健康研究院建议素食者摄取比非素食者多两倍的铁质，因为这类铁质比较不容易被身体吸收，另外也劝告素食者要多摄取维生素C或吃更多含铁质丰富的柑橘类植物来增加铁质的吸收(见参考文献4)。

 

Zinc Deficiency 缺锌

Zinc helps you to smell and taste. It’s also important for the immune system — zinc helps wounds heal, is a factor in cell division and cell growth and contributes to the process of carbohydrate break down. Zinc is found in high protein foods like meats and dark meat poultry, so vegans and many vegetarians can develop a zinc deficiency. That could result in poor appetite, frequent infections, hair loss and a host of other symptoms. One good way for vegetarians to consume zinc is by eating legumes, peanuts and peanut butter, although zinc from animal protein is more readily absorbed by the body. (See References 3)

锌可以加强你的嗅觉和味觉，对你的免疫系统也很重要，譬如助你愈合伤口，促进细胞的分裂与生长，在碳水化合物分解的过程中做出贡献。锌可以在高蛋白食物如肉类和深色家畜的肉类里找到，因此许多素食者都会缺锌，造成食欲不佳，经常感染细菌，掉头发和其他症状。素食者摄取锌的一个好办法是食用豆类，花生和花生酱，虽然动物的蛋白质里的锌比较容易被人体吸收(见参考文献3)。

 

Calcium and Bone Loss 钙和骨质的流失

Strong bones need calcium and one of the best ways to get it is from dairy products. If milk, yogurt and butter aren’t part of your diet, look for cereals, breads and juices that have added calcium, fortified tofu, kale, broccoli and Chinese cabbage. Calcium shortages can lead to thinning bone density and osteoporosis, dental problems and other medical conditions. Calcium helps blood to circulate through the body, muscles to move, nerves to transmit messages from the brain, and it releases hormones and enzymes. The NIH points out that calcium supplements can interfere with some medications so you should check with your health care provider before adding supplements to any diet. (See References 6)

强硬的骨骼需要钙质，其中一个最好的摄取来源就是来自奶制品。如果牛奶，酸奶和黄油不是你的饮食中的一部分，那么就找谷类，面包，果汁这些有较多钙质和拥有丰富钙质的豆腐，羽衣甘蓝，花椰菜和大白菜来吃。缺钙会导致骨质密度稀薄和骨质疏松，牙齿问题和其他病况。钙质促进全身的血液循环，肌肉的运动，神经元传送发自大脑的讯息，释放荷尔蒙和酶。国家健康研究院指出，钙质补充剂会干扰某些药物，因此在添加任何补充剂在你的食谱里以前，你必须先跟你的医疗保健供应人查询清楚(见参考文献6)。

 

References 参考文献

1. University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin B12 — Side Effects

美国马里兰大学医疗中心：维生素B12的副作用

2. University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin B12 Benefits

美国马里兰大学医疗中心：维生素B12的优点

3. University of Maryland Medical Center: Zinc in Diet — All Information

美国马里兰大学医疗中心：饮食中的锌的所有资讯

4. National Institutes for Health Office of Dietary Supplements: Iron

国家健康研究院的膳食补充剂办公室：铁

5. Mayo Clinic: Vegetarian Diet: How to Get the Best Nutrition

Mayo诊所：如何从素食中摄取最佳营养

6. National Institutes for Health Office of Dietary Supplements: Calcium

国家健康研究院的膳食补充剂办公室：钙

by Benna Crawford, Demand Media 由BennaCrawford点播媒体提供

 

—— END ——

 

Source > National Geographic Environment  国家地理杂志环境版

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 620 words in English

Vegan Diet

Vegetarian diet: How to get the best nutrition

如何从素食中摄取最佳营养

 

A well-planned vegetarian diet is a healthy way to meet your nutritional needs. Find out what you need to know about a plant-based diet.

一个精心策划的素食食谱能满足您的营养需求，也是一个健康之道，去找出以植物为本的食谱知道更多内容。

You may follow a vegetarian diet for cultural, religious or ethical reasons. Or you may eat a vegetarian diet to stay healthy and prevent health problems, such as cardiovascular disease. Whatever your reasons for choosing a vegetarian diet, this guide will help you make smart choices to ensure that you meet your daily nutritional needs.

你也许会因为文化，宗教或道德的原因而接受素食的饮食方式，或许是为了健康或避免生病才这么吃，譬如要预防心血管疾病。不论是什么原因，这本指南可以协助你做出明智的选择，确保您得到每日的营养需求。

Indeed, a well-planned vegetarian diet can meet the needs of people of all ages, including children, teenagers, and pregnant or breast-feeding women. The key is to be aware of your nutritional needs so that you plan a diet that meets them. If you aren’t sure how to create a vegetarian diet that’s right for you, talk with your doctor and a registered dietitian.

事实上，一个精心策划的素食食谱都可以满足所有年龄所有人的需求，包括小孩，青少年，孕妇或喂母乳的妇女。关键是要知道你需要哪些营养才可以规划你的食谱来满足需求，如果你无法确定如何开出适合自己的素食食谱，那就需要跟你的医生与合格营养师谈谈。

 

Types of vegetarian diets  素食的种类

When people think about a vegetarian diet, they typically think about a diet that doesn’t include meat, poultry or fish. But vegetarian diets can be further categorized into three types:

每当人们一提起素食，他们就会很刻板地认为这个食谱里没有肉类，家畜或鱼肉，但是素食也可以进一步分成三大类：

Vegan diets exclude meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products — and foods that contain these products.

素食者–排除肉类，家畜，鱼肉，蛋和乳制品以及其他包含这种成份的食品。

Lacto-vegetarian diets exclude meat, fish, poultry and eggs, as well as foods that contain them. Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, yogurt and butter, are allowed in a lacto-vegetarian diet.

奶类素食—排除肉类，鱼肉，家畜和蛋，以及其他包含这些成份的食品，但可以接受鲜奶，乳酪，酸奶和奶油。

Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets exclude meat, fish and poultry, but allow eggs and dairy products.

蛋奶素食—排除肉类，鱼肉和家畜，允许吃蛋和乳制品。

Some people follow a semivegetarian diet — also called a flexitarian diet — which is primarily a plant-based diet but includes meat, dairy, eggs, poultry and fish on occasion or in small quantities.

有些人还实行半素食食谱，也叫做灵活食谱，还是以植物为本，包括肉类，乳制品，蛋，家畜和鱼肉，在某些社交场合里可以小量接受。

 

Getting adequate nutrition  摄取足够的营养

The key to a healthy vegetarian diet — like any diet — is to enjoy a variety of foods. No single food can provide all the nutrients your body needs. The more restrictive a diet is, the more challenging it is to get all the nutrients you need. A vegan diet, for example, eliminates food sources of vitamin B-12, as well as milk products, which are good sources of calcium. Therefore, you may need to make an extra effort to ensure that your vegetarian diet includes sufficient quantities of the following nutrients:

健康素食的关键就跟任何食谱一样是为了享用各种食物，因为没有任何单一的食物可以提供你的身体所需的全部营养，食谱越是局限，摄取所有所需营养就越具有挑战性。譬如说，素食食谱就排除了维生素B-12的食物来源，还有鲜奶制品这个钙质的好来源。因此，你必须多努力确保你的素食食谱里有各种足够的营养含量：

Calcium helps build and maintain strong teeth and bones. Milk and low-fat dairy foods are highest in calcium. Dark green vegetables, such as turnip and collard greens, kale and broccoli, are good plant sources when eaten in sufficient quantities. Calcium-enriched and fortified products, including juices, cereals, soy milk, soy yogurt and tofu, are other options.

钙质可以生出和维持强有力的牙齿和骨骼，牛奶和低脂奶制品的含钙量最高。深绿色的蔬菜如萝卜，羽衣甘蓝叶，甘蓝类蔬菜和西兰花如果吃得够，都是好的食物源。钙质丰富和强有力的食品如果汁，麦片，豆奶，大豆酸奶和豆腐也是其他选项。

Iodine is a component in thyroid hormones, which help regulate metabolism, growth and function of many key organs, such as the brain, heart, kidney and thyroid. Vegans may not consume enough iodine and be at risk of iodine deficiency and possibly goiter. In addition, foods such as soybeans, cruciferous vegetables and sweet potatoes may promote goiter. Because food manufacturers may not use iodized salt in processed foods, vegans may want to ensure that they use salt with iodine at the table or in cooking. Just 1/4 teaspoon provides a significant amount of iodine.

碘是甲状腺激素的组成部分，有助于调节新陈代谢和其他主要器官如大脑，心脏，肾脏和甲状腺的成长和功能，素食者可能摄取的碘不足够而面对缺碘或甲状腺肿大的风险。此外，大豆，十字花科蔬菜，红番薯等食物也可能会造成甲状腺肿大。由于食品厂商不一定会在加工食品中加入碘盐，素食者或许得确保餐桌上或烹煮时有加盐和碘，只需四分之一汤匙就有相当含量的碘在内。

Iron is a crucial component of red blood cells. Dried beans and peas, lentils, enriched cereals, whole-grain products, dark leafy green vegetables and dried fruit are good sources of iron. Because iron isn’t as easily absorbed from plant sources, the recommended intake of iron for vegetarians is almost double that recommended for nonvegetarians. To help your body absorb iron, eat foods rich in vitamin C, such as strawberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage and broccoli, at the same time as you’re eating iron-containing foods.

铁是红血球的重要组成成份，干豆和豌豆，扁豆，多营养谷物，全麦制品，深绿叶蔬菜和干果里都有铁质。由于铁质不容易被植物吸收，就得建议素食者吃得比非素食者多一倍这些蔬菜，好让你的身体可以吸收铁质，也要吃维生素C丰富的食物如草莓，柑橘类水果，番茄，白菜和西兰花，同时也吃其他含铁质的食物。

Omega-3 fatty acids are important for cardiovascular health as well as eye and brain development. Vegetarian diets that do not include fish and eggs are generally low in active forms of omega-3 fats. Because conversion of the plant-based omega-3 to the types used by humans is inefficient, you may want to consider fortified products or supplements or both.

Omega-3脂肪酸对心血管健康，以及眼睛和大脑的发育都重要，素食者的食谱里如果没有鱼和蛋一般上都比较缺乏活性的Omega-3脂肪酸。由于从食物的Omega-3转换成人体需要的成份不足，你或许要考虑营养成份较强的食品或补充剂或两者兼而有之。

Protein helps maintain healthy skin, bones, muscles and organs. Eggs and dairy products are good sources, and you don’t need to eat large amounts to meet your protein needs. You can also get sufficient protein from plant-based foods if you eat a variety of them throughout the day. Plant sources include soy products and meat substitutes, legumes, lentils, nuts, seeds and whole grains.

蛋白质有助于维持皮肤，骨骼，肌肉和器官的健康。鸡蛋和奶制品是很好的来源，你不需要大量地吃来满足您的蛋白质需求。 如果你能够在一天内吃很多种，也可以从植物为本的食物中得到足够的蛋白质。植物食品的来源包括豆制品，肉类替代品，豆类，扁豆，坚果，种子和粗粮。

Vitamin B-12 is necessary to produce red blood cells and prevent anemia. This vitamin is found almost exclusively in animal products, so it can be difficult to get enough B-12 on a vegan diet. Vitamin B-12 deficiency may go undetected in people who eat a vegan diet. This is because the vegan diet is rich in a vitamin called folate, which may mask deficiency in vitamin B-12 until severe problems occur. For this reason, it’s important for vegans to consider vitamin supplements, vitamin-enriched cereals and fortified soy products.

我们需要维生素B-12来制造红血球和避免贫血，这种维生素几乎都只能在动物身上找到，因此就很难从素食的食谱中摄取足够的量。素食者可能无法察觉自己缺乏维生素B-12，这是因为素食的食谱中有一种叫做叶酸的维生素，可能会掩饰维生素B-12的不足，直到严重的问题出现。因此，素食者必须考虑多吃维生素补充剂，维生素丰富的谷物和强化营养的豆制品。

Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health. Vitamin D is added to cow’s milk, some brands of soy and rice milk (be sure to check the label), and some cereals and margarines. However, if you don’t eat enough fortified foods and have limited sun exposure, you may need supplementation with vitamin D-2 (derived from plants).

维生素D对骨骼的健康有重要的作用，有一些牛奶，一些品牌的大豆和水稻牛奶(一定要检查标签)，以及一些谷物和人造黄油里都有添加维生素D在内 。不过，如果你没有吃足够的营养强化食品以及适度地晒太阳，你可能就需要补充(从植物中提取出来的)维生素D-2。

Zinc is an essential component of many enzymes and plays a role in cell division and in formation of proteins. Like iron, zinc is not as easily absorbed from plant sources as it is from animal products. Cheese is a good option if you eat dairy products. Plant sources of zinc include whole grains, soy products, legumes, nuts and wheat germ.

锌是许多酶素的重要组成部分，在细胞分裂和蛋白质的形成过程中起着一定的作用。铁和锌就不容易被植物吸收，因为这是动物身上的产品。如果你有吃乳制品的话，乳酪是一个不错的选择。植物里含锌的有五谷杂粮，豆制品，豆类，坚果和小麦胚芽。

 

Getting started  入门

If you’re not following a vegetarian diet but you’re thinking of trying it, here are some ideas to help you get started:

如果你还没开始素食想要尝试，这里有一些概念供您开始：

Ramp up  逐步提高

Each week increase the number of meatless meals you already enjoy, such as spaghetti with tomato sauce or vegetable stir-fry.

每个星期都增加你已经在享用的无肉素食餐，如意大利麵加番茄酱或炒菜。

Learn to substitute  学会取代

Take favorite recipes and try them without meat. For example, make vegetarian chili by leaving out the ground beef and adding an extra can of black beans. Or make fajitas using extra-firm tofu rather than chicken. You may be surprised to find that many dishes require only simple substitutions.

拿一些自己喜欢的食谱来试，但要去掉肉类。譬如说，做辣椒蔬菜，没有牛肉，加一罐黑豆，或者用更多豆干去做墨西哥饼而不是用鸡肉来做。你会很惊讶地发现，很多菜肴都可以简单地加减替换。

Branch out  分支出去

Scan the Internet for vegetarian menus. Buy or borrow vegetarian cookbooks. Check out ethnic restaurants to sample new vegetarian cuisines. The more variety you bring to your vegetarian diet, the more likely you’ll be to meet all your nutritional needs.

上网找素食菜单，买或借素食烹饪书，上传统餐厅品尝新的素食菜肴，你的素食食谱有越多种类的菜肴，你就能摄取足够的营养来满足自己的营养需求。

 

By Mayo Clinic staff 。Mayo诊所的员工撰文

 

—— END ——

 

Source > National Geographic Environment  国家地理杂志环境版

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 1080 words in English

Hanami

The Japanese Spring-Hanami

日本春季的賞櫻盛會-花見

Only in Japan you can truly experience enjoy and appreciate the cherry blossom and its many customs and nuances

只有在日本，你才可以體驗到享受和欣賞櫻花的许多風俗和細緻之處

When the Japanese say, “life does not end in the winter, but in the spring when it is sakura season”, people outside of Japan may not understand. Japanese perceive cherry blossoms as the beginning of spring, and celebrate in a traditional fashion. The connection between sakura, spring, and “life and death” forms a concrete belief, together with the juxtaposition of romance, melancholy and a rainbow of emotions. Japanese are no strangers to sakura; they appreciate it in a way foreigners cannot completely conceive. It becomes a medium for reflection, a form of leisure, and an opportunity to sit down and appreciate the beauty of nature and its elegance.

當日本人說，“生命不在冬季結束，而是在春天的櫻花季節”，在日本以外的人可能就不大明白。日本人认为櫻花的盛开是立春之時，還用傳統的方式來慶祝。櫻花，春天，和“生與死”連接形成一個具體的信念，跟浪漫，憂鬱的和情緒的彩虹交錯在一起。日本人對櫻花並不陌生，他們欣賞櫻花的情懷是外國人無法完全理解的，櫻花成了一種反照的媒介，一種休閒形式，有機會坐下來欣賞櫻花的自然美與優雅的姿態。

The sakura season begins early in the year. Upon entering the beautiful spring, the vast blanket of cherry trees covers the streets and parks, weaving its way around towns and cities, and is eager to appear within sight of every living thing. This captures the attention of print media and broadcasting , and soon word is spread through the nation and out, attracting thousands of foreigners and locals alike.

櫻花的季節始於每年年初，進入美麗的春天，櫻桃樹覆蓋了每一條街道和公園，在鄉鎮與城市中穿梭，殷切地要在每一個有生命的地方出現。這就引起了媒體的注意，一傳十十傳百地傳遍全國內外，吸引成千上萬的本地和外國的賞櫻人潮。

The sakura serves as a consolation to people, reminding them of the ending of harsh winter and to welcome the warmth of spring. Thus one can observe that families and friends would gather, set up picnic mats, have a toast, eat from bento sets, and banter the day away. Not only does this symbolises the beginning of spring, it is also a new starting point for many—schools starting on their new semesters, and enterprises conducting on their recruitment drives.

櫻花是人們的一種慰藉，提醒人們嚴冬的結束，迎接暖春的到來，因此可以看到很多家庭和朋友們聚在一起，鋪上野餐坐墊，舉杯吃便當，在歡笑聲中度過一天。這個時候也是許多人的開始，學校的新學期開始，企業也開始在招聘新的員工。

The short life span of the cherry blossoms should not be pitied. After their brilliant bloom, the petals flutter to the ground, forming a “carpet of sakura”. It is a pleasant view for every Japanese, for its snow-like scenery is as breathtaking as it is impactful. The nature of sakura is said to serve as a poignant reminder of how life itself is fleeting, and how to view issues with equanimity.

櫻花的壽命短，不需要為這件事感到惋惜，櫻花在盛開之後，花瓣落滿地，形成了“櫻花毯”，這個景象對每一個日本人來說都很賞心悅目，因為雪白的景色令人屏息也很震撼。櫻花的本質就是一種淒美的提醒，意味著生命的稍縱即逝如過眼雲煙，教人如何泰然處之，用平常心看待。

As early as a thousand years ago, the sakura has always been a hit. At that time, Mikado already held the “Hanami” or “flower viewing party”. In came the era of General Yoshimitsu Ashikaga, who then invited his friends to join the party in Kyoto for the “Flower-feast” or “Japan Spring”.

早在一千多年前，櫻花一直都是大家趨之若鶩的景觀，當時的天皇已經舉辦了“花見”或“賞花團”。到後來的足利義滿幕府將軍時期，將軍還邀請朋友參加在京都舉辦的“花宴”或“日本之春”。

Japanese revere sakura like the “The Finest of Gods”. Claiming the three processes of a sakura bloom as the “beginning, blossoming, and withering”, they see it as extremely ephemeral; as it lasts for only about 10 days. If one misses the chance to catch a glimpse of it before the rain sweeps its fragile petals off the ground, one has to wait until the next spring for that opportunity.

日本人尊崇櫻花為“眾神的極致”，把櫻花盛開的三個步驟分成“開始，盛開，凋零”，他们認為那是昙花一现的過程，因為只維持了十天而已。如果在雨水掃走地面上脆弱的花瓣之前错过了這驚鴻的一瞥，就只能等到下一個春天才有機會再看到。

To enjoy the sakura, the Japanese would take a two-month holiday in February, according to the time of the sakura blossoms. They would drive along lines of cherry blossoms to relish the pleasant sensation the Sakura emits. The journey would start from the south of Japan—Kyushu, Okinawa—all the way to the north. This is popularly known as the “Front Line Tracking on Sakura”. Moreover, the path of the cherry blossoms moves in a speed of 20 to 30 kilometres a day, moving fast forward.

為了賞櫻，日本人會在二月裡根據花開時節拿兩個月假期，他们會開車沿著盛開的櫻花路線去嗅櫻花的醉人花香。這個旅程從日本南部的九州和沖繩開始，一路向北走，這就是所謂的“櫻花道的最前線”。此外，賞櫻的旅途會以每天20到30公里的速度龜行，快速前進。

 

—— END ——

 

Source > The Travel Times Newsletter 旅遊時光報

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 570 words in English

 

Echopraxia

Echopraxia  模仿倾向

 

Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or imitation of the observed movements of another. It is closely related to echolalia, the involuntary repetition of another’s speech. The etymology of the term is from Ancient Greek: ” ἠχώ (ēkhō) from ἠχή (ēkhē “sound”)” and “πρᾶξις (praksis, “action, activity, practice”)”. Echopraxia is also known as echomotism.[1]

Echopraxia模仿倾向是不自主地重复或模仿所观察到的另一个动作。这也跟echolalia模仿言语症有密切关联，也是不由自主地重复他人的话。这个词的来源是古希腊的ἠχώ (ēkhō)来自ἠχή (ēkhē“发音”)和πρᾶξις (praksis“行动，活动，实践”) 。模仿倾向症也被称为模仿动作(echomotism)。[1]

 

Even though it is considered a tic, it is a behaviour characteristic of some people with autism,[2] Tourette syndrome, Ganser syndrome, schizophrenia (especially catatonic schizophrenia), some forms of clinical depression and some other neurological disorders.

即使它被认为是口头禅 ，却是那些有自闭症的人的行为特征[2]，包括(Tourette)图雷德综合征，(Ganser)冈瑟综合征，精神分裂症(尤其是紧张性精神分裂症)，临床抑郁症和其他一些神经系统失常的病症。

 

See also  另见

• Mirror neuron  (镜照)反射神经元

 

References  参考文献

[1]   ^ “Medical Dictionary Medilexicon”.  医学辞典

[2]   ^ Realmuto GM, August GJ (December 1991). “Catatonia in autistic disorder: a sign of comorbidity or variable expression?”. J Autism Dev Disord 21 (4): 517–28. doi:10.1007/BF02206874. PMID 1778964.

^ Realmuto GM，八月GJ(1991年12月)。““紧张症自闭症：共病症/合并症或变易表达方式的迹象？”。J自闭症开发异常21(4)：517-28。doi：10.1007/BF02206874。PMID1778964。

 

Categories  分类

• Tourette syndrome  图雷特氏综合征/症候群
• Abnormal psychology  反常/变态心理学

 

Terms  名词

• Coprolalia  秽语症
• Copropraxia  秽亵行为倾向
• Echolalia  模仿言语症
• Echopraxia  模仿倾向
• Palilalia  语言重复症
• PANDAS-Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections(A neuropsychiatric disorder occurring in children)

 与链球菌感染有关的小儿自体免疫神经精神异常 (发生在儿童身上的神经精神障碍)

• Sensory phenomena •  感官现象
• Tic •  抽搐
• Tic disorder •  抽动失调
• Tourettism  图雷特氏

 

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echopraxia

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 230 words in English

High Water Clause

Hell or High Water Clause  地狱或高水位条款

 

A hell or high water clause is a clause in a contract, usually a lease, which provides that the payments must continue irrespective of any difficulties which the paying party may encounter (usually in relation to the operation of the leased asset). The clause usually forms part of a parent company guarantee. It is intended to limit the applicability of the doctrines of impossibility or frustration of purpose. The term for the clause comes from a colloquial expression that a task must be accomplished “come Hell or high water” that is, regardless of any difficulty.

地狱或高水位条款通常都用在租赁的合同中，它规定付方不论遇到任何困难都必须继续支付该付款项（通常都跟租赁资产的使用有关）。该条款通常成为要求母公司担保的一部份事项。它的目的是要限制不可能完成或目的受挫这类条规的使用。该条款的术语是来自一个口语化的表达方式，意思是说不论有多困难，即使是“陷入地狱般或大淹水”的困境，都必须完成任务。

 

See also  另见

• Hardship clause  困苦条款
• Force majeure  不可抗力

 

External links  外部链接

• Article: “Are Hell or High Water Clauses and Waiver of Defence Clauses Enforceable?”

 文章：“地狱”或“高水条款和强制执行的国防部条款的豁免”

• Article: “Hell or high water clauses: Make them work for you

 文章：“地狱或高水位条款：让它们为你效劳 ”

 

Categories  分类

• Contract law  合同法

  Part of the common law series  普通法系列的一部分

• Contract formation  合同的订立

  Offer and acceptance 邀约和承约： Mailbox rule 邮箱规则

  Mirror image rule 镜像规则 • Invitation to treat 邀请作交易

  Firm offer 确定的邀约• Consideration 代价

• Defenses against formation 抗辩合约的成立

  Lack of capacity 能力不足

  Duress 胁迫 • Undue influence  不当的影响

  Illusory promise  虚假的承诺 • Statute of frauds  欺诈条例

  Non est factum  否认定理契约的答辩

• Contract interpretation  合同的释义

  Parol evidence rule  口头证据规则

  Contract of adhesion  附着力合同

  Integration clause  集成条款

  Contra proferentem  对条文发起人不利的解读

• Excuses for non-performance  不履行的藉口

  Mistake  过失 • Misrepresentation  失实陈述

  Frustration of purpose  目的受挫 • Impossibility  不可能性质

  Impracticability  不可行性质 • Illegality  不合法

  Unclean hands  不洁的手 • Unconscionability  不合情理性质

  Accord and satisfaction  协定和满意度

• Rights of third parties  第三方的权利

  Privity of contract  相互关系的合同

  Assignment  转让 • Delegation  转授

  Novation  约务更替 • Third party beneficiary  第三方受益人

• Breach of contract  违约

  Anticipatory repudiation  预期废除 • Cover  承保

  Exclusion clause  摒除条款 • Efficient breach  有效率违约

  Deviation  偏差 • Fundamental breach  基本的违反

• Remedies  补救措施

  Specific performance  具体表现

  Liquidated damages  算定的赔偿金

  Penal damages  刑事赔偿 • Rescission  撤销

• Quasi-contractual obligations  半合同法律责任

  Promissory estoppel  承诺不反悔

  Quantum meruit  合理金额/按劳计酬

• Related areas of law  相关领域的法律

  Conflict of laws  法律冲突 • Commercial law  商业法

• Other common law areas  其他普通法适用地区

  Tort law  侵权法 · Property law  产权法

  Wills, trusts and estates  遗嘱，信托和产业

  Criminal law  刑法 • Evidence  证据

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_or_high_water_clause

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx.330 words in English

 

Hedge

Hedge (finance)  对冲(金融)

 

A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses that may be incurred by a companion investment.

对冲是一种用来抵消可能由一个结伴投资所产生的潜在损失的投资。

A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts, swaps, options, many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and futures contracts.

对冲可以由多种类型的金融工具，包括股票，交易所买卖基金，保险，远期合约，掉期，期权，多种场外与衍生商品以及期货合约所组成。

Public futures markets were established in the 19th century[1] to allow transparent, standardized, and efficient hedging of agricultural commodity prices; they have since expanded to include futures contracts for hedging the values of energy, precious metals, foreign currency, and interest rate fluctuations.

公共期货市场在19世纪成立，好让农产品价格可以透明地，规范化，有效地对冲；从那时起，期货合约就不断扩大到包括和能源，贵重金属，外币和利率波动的对冲。

 

Contents  目录

1. Etymology  词源

2. Examples  例子

2.1 Agricultural commodity price hedging  农业商品价格的对冲

2.2 Hedging a stock price  对冲股价

2.3 Hedging Employee Stock Options  对冲员工股票期权

2.4 Hedging fuel consumption  对冲燃油消耗

3. Types of hedging  套期保值的类型

3.1 Hedging strategies  对冲策略

3.1.1 Financial derivatives such as call and put options  金融衍生工具如看涨和看跌期权

4. Natural hedges  自然对冲

5. Categories of hedgeable risk  可对冲风险的分类

6. Hedging equity and equity futures  对冲股权和股权期货

6.1 Futures hedging  期货套期保值

6.2 Contract for difference  价差合约

7. Related concepts  相关概念

8. See also  另见

8.1 Accountant views  会计师观点

9. References  参考文献

10 External links  外部链接

 

Etymology  词源

Hedging is the practice of taking a position in one market to offset and balance against the risk adopted by assuming a position in a contrary or opposing market or investment. The word hedge is from Old English hecg, originally any fence, living or artificial. The use of the word as a verb in the sense of “dodge, evade” is first recorded in the 1590s; that of insure oneself against loss, as in a bet, is from 1670s.

对冲交易的做法是在一个市场中用一个仓盘去抵消和平衡风险，在一个相反或对立的市场或投资中占有另一个仓位。对冲这个词出自旧式英语hecg，原本是指任何天然或人工的围栏。这个当作“躲闪，回避”来用的动词首度在1590年代有记载，在赌注中保证自己不受损失的意思则出自1670年代。

 

Examples  例子

Agricultural commodity price hedging  农业商品价格的对冲

A typical hedger might be a commercial farmer. The market values of wheat and other crops fluctuate constantly as supply and demand for them vary, with occasional large moves in either direction. Based on current prices and forecast levels at harvest time, the farmer might decide that planting wheat is a good idea one season, but the forecast prices are only that — forecasts. Once the farmer plants wheat, he is committed to it for an entire growing season. If the actual price of wheat rises greatly between planting and harvest, the farmer stands to make a lot of unexpected money, but if the actual price drops by harvest time, he could be ruined.

一个典型的对冲者可能是一个农商。小麦和其他作物的市场价值因为供应和需求各不相同而不断波动，偶尔在某一个方向有大幅度动作。根据目前的价格和在收割时的预测水平不一定准确，因为农民可能半途决定在某一个季节改种小麦是一个好主意，因此预测价格就只是一个预测。农民一旦开始种小麦，他就必须为整个生长季节付出努力。如果小麦的实际价格在种植与收成之间大幅度上涨，农民就会赚到很多意想不到的钱，但是，如果实际价格在收成时下降，他可能要倒贴。

If at planting time the farmer sells a number of wheat futures contracts equivalent to his anticipated crop size, he effectively locks in the price of wheat at that time: the contract is an agreement to deliver a certain number of bushels of wheat to a specified place on a certain date in the future for a certain fixed price. The farmer has hedged his exposure to wheat prices; he no longer cares whether the current price rises or falls, because he is guaranteed a price by the contract. He no longer needs to worry about being ruined by a low wheat price at harvest time, but he also gives up the chance at making extra money from a high wheat price at harvest times.

如果在播种期间，农民出售的小麦期货合约相当于他预计的农作物规模的数量，他就有效地锁定了当时的小麦价格：合同是一种要把一定数量的小麦在未来的固定日期以固定定价交付到指定的地点的协议。农民自己以小麦价格公开对冲，他就不必再关心目前的价格上升或下降，因为他已经得到合同的价格保证。他不必再担心小麦价格在收成时会被拉低，但他也放弃了在收成时小麦价格升高能赚到更多钱的机会。

 

Hedging a stock price  对冲股票价格

A stock trader believes that the stock price of Company A will rise over the next month, due to the company’s new and efficient method of producing widgets. He wants to buy Company A shares to profit from their expected price increase. But Company A is part of the highly volatile widget industry. If the trader simply bought the shares based on his belief that the Company A shares were underpriced, the trade would be a speculation.

一名股票交易员相信A公司的股票价格将会在下个月上涨，那是因为该公司刚开发出新的和有效生产部件的方法。他想购买A公司的股票，从他们预计的价格上涨中获利。但是A公司只是极不稳定的部件行业中的一部份。如果交易员只是相信A公司的股票被低估而买入，这种交易就是一种投机炒作。

Since the trader is interested in the company, rather than the industry, he wants to hedge out the industry risk by short selling an equal value (number of shares × price) of the shares of Company A’s direct competitor, Company B.

由于交易员只对公司而不是整个工业感兴趣，他要通过对冲去抛空A公司的最大竞争对手B公司同等价值的股份（股数×价格）。

The first day the trader’s portfolio is:

交易员第一天的投资组合是：

• Long 1,000 shares of Company A at $1 each
• Short 500 shares of Company B at $2 each
• 买空A公司的一千股，每股1元
• 卖空B公司的五百股，每股2元

(Notice that the trader has sold short the same value of shares)

(请注意交易员卖空的股值相等)

If the trader was able to short sell an asset whose price had a mathematically defined relation with Company A’s stock price (for example a put option on Company A shares), the trade might be essentially riskless. In this case, the risk would be limited to the put option’s premium.

如果交易员能够抛空一个在数学定义与上A公司的股票价格有关（例如对A公司股票的看跌期权）的资产，就可能是一个没有基本风险的交易。在这种情况下，风险将只限于看跌期权的溢价。

On the second day, a favorable news story about the widgets industry is published and the value of all widgets stock goes up. Company A, however, because it is a stronger company, increases by 10%, while Company B increases by just 5%:

第二天，一个有利于部件行业的新闻报道刊登，所有部件的股票价值都上涨。但是，A公司是一个比较强大的公司，股值上涨了10％，而B公司只涨了5％，投资组合的变动如下：

• Long 1,000 shares of Company A at $1.10 each: $100 gain

   买空A公司那一千股每股值1.10元，获利100元

• Short 500 shares of Company B at $2.10 each: $50 loss

   卖空B公司那五百股每股值2.10元，损失50元

(In a short position, the investor loses money when the price goes up.)

(在短盘的部份，价格上涨时投资者就亏损)

The trader might regret the hedge on day two, since it reduced the profits on the Company A position. But on the third day, an unfavorable news story is published about the health effects of widgets, and all widgets stocks crash: 50% is wiped off the value of the widgets industry in the course of a few hours. Nevertheless, since Company A is the better company, it suffers less than Company B:

交易员可能会后悔第二天的对冲，因为短盘这一边减少了A公司那一边的利润。到了第三天，一个不利的新闻报道发表了相关部件对健康的不良影响，所有跟部件有关的股市崩盘：50％部件行业的市值在几个小时内被刮掉。不过，因为A公司是更好的公司，遭受的损失就比B公司来得少，投资组合的变动如下：

Value of long position (Company A):

长仓的价值（A公司）：

• Day 1: $1,000
• Day 2: $1,100
• Day 3: $550 => ($1,000 − $550) = $450 loss

第1天：$ 1,000
第2天：$ 1,100
第3天：$ 550 =>（$ 1,000 – $ 550）= $450的损失

Value of short position (Company B):

短盘的价值（B公司）：

• Day 1: −$1,000
• Day 2: −$1,050
• Day 3: −$525 => ($1,000 − $525) = $475 profit

第1天： – $ 1,000
第2天： – $ 1,050
第3天： – $ 525 =>（$ 1,000 – $ 525）= $475元的利润

Without the hedge, the trader would have lost $450 (or $900 if the trader took the $1,000 he has used in short selling Company B’s shares to buy Company A’s shares as well). But the hedge – the short sale of Company B – gives a profit of $475, for a net profit of $25 during a dramatic market collapse.

没有对冲的话，交易员就会损失450元（或$900，如果交易员用卖空B公司股份的一千元去买A公司的股份）。但对冲卖空B公司的获利是475元，在一个戏剧性的市场崩盘中净赚了25元。

 

Hedging Employee Stock Options  对冲员工股票期权

Employee Stock Options are securities issued by the company generally to executives and employees. These securities are more volatile than stock and should encourage the holders to manage those positions with a view to reducing that risk. There is only one efficient way to manage the risk of holding employee stock options and that is by use of sales of exchange traded calls and to a lesser degree by buying puts. Companies discourage hedging versus ESOs but have no prohibitions in their contracts.

员工股票期权是由该公司发行给一般管理人员和员工的证券。这些证券比股市更会波动，应该鼓励持有人以减少这种风险的观点来管理。但也只有一个有效的方式来管理控股员工股票期权的风险，那就是卖出交易所买卖的看涨期权，较低程度地购买看跌期权。大部份公司都不鼓励与员工股票期权(ESOs)对冲，但是在合约中并没有禁止。

 

Hedging fuel consumption  对冲燃油消耗

Airlines use futures contracts and derivatives to hedge their exposure to the price of jet fuel. They know that they must purchase jet fuel for as long as they want to stay in business, and fuel prices are notoriously volatile. By using crude oil futures contracts to hedge their fuel requirements (and engaging in similar but more complex derivatives transactions), Southwest Airlines was able to save a large amount of money when buying fuel as compared to rival airlines when fuel prices in the U.S. rose dramatically after the 2003 Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina.

航空公司使用期货合约和衍生工具去对冲燃油价格的风险。他们知道，只要他们想要继续营业，就必须购买喷射机燃料，而燃油价格的波动性是出了名的。通过使用原油期货合约去对冲对燃油的需求（和从事类似但更复杂的衍生商品的交易），比起竞争对手的航空公司，美国的燃料价格在2003年的伊拉克战争和“卡特里娜”飓风过后大幅度上涨，西南航空公司就能够节省大量的资金来购买燃油。

 

Types of hedging  套期保值的类型

Hedging can be used in many different ways including foreign exchange trading.[3] The stock example above is a “classic” sort of hedge, known in the industry as a pairs trade due to the trading on a pair of related securities. As investors became more sophisticated, along with the mathematical tools used to calculate values (known as models), the types of hedges have increased greatly.

套期保值可以用在许多不同地方，包括外汇交易。上述股票的例子是“经典”的对冲，在业内被称为双贸易，因为是在一对相关的证券上进行交易。由于投资者变得更有技巧，加上用来计算价值(成为模式)的数学工具，对冲类型也大大地增加。

 

Hedging strategies  对冲策略

Examples of hedging include:

套期保值的例子有：

• Forward exchange contract for currencies  外汇的远期货币合约
• Currency future contracts  货币期货合约
• Money Market Operations for currencies  外汇的货币市场操作
• Forward Exchange Contract for interest  利息的远期货币合约
• Money Market Operations for interest  利息的货币市场操作
• Future contracts for interest  利息的远期合约

This is a list of hedging strategies, grouped by category.

这是一个按照类别分组的对冲策略的列表。

 

Financial derivatives such as call and put options

金融衍生工具如看涨和看跌期权有：

• Risk reversal: Simultaneously buying a call option and selling a put option. This has the effect of simulating being long on a stock or commodity position.

风险逆转 ： 同时购买看涨期权和卖出看跌期权，这么做有模拟股票或商品长仓的效果。

• Delta neutral: This is a market neutral position that allows a portfolio to maintain a positive cash flow by dynamically re-hedging to maintain a market neutral position. This is also a type of market neutral strategy.

三角中性 ： 这是一个市场中立的仓位，允许投资组合维持正现金流，通过动态的重新对冲去保持市场中立的仓位，这也是一种市场中立的策略。

 

Natural hedges  自然对冲

Many hedges do not involve exotic financial instruments or derivatives such as the married put. A natural hedge is an investment that reduces the undesired risk by matching cash flows (i.e. revenues and expenses). For example, an exporter to the United States faces a risk of changes in the value of the U.S. dollar and chooses to open a production facility in that market to match its expected sales revenue to its cost structure.

许多对冲不涉及外来的金融工具或衍生工具，比如结合式看跌。自然对冲是一种通过现金流量（即收入和支出）的配对来减少不受欢迎风险的投资。例如，美国的出口商面临美元价值的变化风险，就选择在那个市场设立生产设施来符合预期的销售收入以及成本结构的要求。

Another example is a company that opens a subsidiary in another country and borrows in the foreign currency to finance its operations, even though the foreign interest rate may be more expensive than in its home country: by matching the debt payments to expected revenues in the foreign currency, the parent company has reduced its foreign currency exposure. Similarly, an oil producer may expect to receive its revenues in U.S. dollars, but faces costs in a different currency; it would be applying a natural hedge if it agreed to, for example, pay bonuses to employees in U.S. dollars.

另一个例子是一家公司在另一个国家设立子公司，并借用外汇营运资金来经营，即使国外的利率可能比本国的更高，做法就是用外币匹配债务支出预期收入，母公司也就降低了自己面对的外汇波动风险。同样的，石油生产国也许有准备要收到美元，但也面对不同的货币成本，如果同意，就可以运用自然对冲，例如，用美元来支付雇员的薪金。

One common means of hedging against risk is the purchase of insurance to protect against financial loss due to accidental property damage or loss, personal injury, or loss of life.

一个对冲风险的普遍手段是购买保险，防止因意外造成的财物破损，人身伤害，丧失生命以及财务亏损。

 

Categories of hedgeable risk  可对冲风险的分类

• There are varying types of risk that can be protected against with a hedge. Those types of risks include:

  对冲可以保障免受几种不同风险造成的损失。这些不同类型的风险包括：

• Commodity risk: the risk that arises from potential movements in the value of commodity contracts, which include agricultural products, metals, and energy products.

商品风险 ：商品合约的价值，其中包括农产品，金属，能源产品的潜在变动。

• Credit risk: the risk that money owing will not be paid by an obligor. Since credit risk is the natural business of banks, but an unwanted risk for commercial traders, an early market developed between banks and traders that involved selling obligations at a discounted rate.

信用风险 ：债务人不付钱的风险。由于信用风险是银行业务的一部份，但却不是商业贸易业者要的风险，因此银行和商人之间就发展出一个早期市场，以折扣价出售权益。

• Currency risk (also known as Foreign Exchange Risk hedging) is used both by financial investors to deflect the risks they encounter when investing abroad and by non-financial actors in the global economy for whom multi-currency activities are a necessary evil rather than a desired state of exposure.

货币风险（又称外汇风险的对冲）被金融投资者用来转移海外投资时遇到的风险，也被金融投资者用来避开全球经济的风险，对他们来说，多种货币的活动是难免的坏事，而不是理想中的风险。

• Interest rate risk: the risk that the relative value of an interest-bearing liability, such as a loan or a bond, will worsen due to an interest rate increase. Interest rate risks can be hedged using fixed-income instruments or interest rate swaps.

利率风险：生利息的债务风险，如贷款或债券的相对价值，会因为加息而进一步恶化。利率风险可以使用固定收益工具或利率掉期来对冲。

• Equity risk: the risk that one’s investments will depreciate because of stock market dynamics causing one to lose money.

股权风险 ： 这是因为股市的动态导致赔钱使到投资贬值的风险。

• Volatility risk: is the threat that an exchange rate movement poses to an investor’s portfolio in a foreign currency.

波动的风险 ：这是汇率变动对投资者的外币组合的威胁。

• Volumetric risk: the risk that a customer demands more or less of a product than expected.

质量风险 ：客户对产品的要求高过或低过预期的。

 

Hedging equity and equity futures  对冲股权和股权期货

Equity in a portfolio can be hedged by taking an opposite position in futures. To protect your stock picking against systematic market risk, futures are shorted when equity is purchased, or long futures when stock is shorted.

投资组合中的股权可以采取期货中相反的立场来对冲。为了保护您的选股避免系统性的市场风险，购买期货股权时用长仓，或者用长期期货来卖空股票。

One way to hedge is the market neutral approach. In this approach, an equivalent dollar amount in the stock trade is taken in futures – for example, by buying 10,000 GBP worth of Vodafone and shorting 10,000 worth of FTSE futures.

对冲的方式之一就是采取市场中立的态度。这种做法就是用相等的面值在期货中作股票交易 – 例如，用一万英镑购买Vodafone的股票再卖空价值一万FTSE富时指数的期货。

Another way to hedge is the beta neutral. Beta is the historical correlation between a stock and an index. If the beta of a Vodafone stock is 2, then for a 10,000 GBP long position in Vodafone an investor would hedge with a 20,000 GBP equivalent short position in the FTSE futures (the index in which Vodafone trades).

另一种对冲方式就是使用中立的Beta-贝塔系数。Beta-贝塔是股票和指数之间的历史性关系。如果Vodafone的股票的贝塔系数是2，那么在Vodafone的一万英镑长仓里，投资者会用两万英镑相等的短盘去持有FTSE富时指数的期货（Vodafone沃达丰在交易的市场里的指数）对冲。

Futures contracts and forward contracts are means of hedging against the risk of adverse market movements. These originally developed out of commodity markets in the 19th century, but over the last fifty years a large global market developed in products to hedge financial market risk.

期货合约和远期合约都是针对不利的市场变动风险而采取的对冲手段。这些方法原本是在19世纪的商品市场发展出来，但是，过去的五十多年已经在商品交易中开发出一个庞大的全球市场来对冲金融市场的风险。

 

Futures hedging  期货套期保值

Investors who primarily trade in futures may hedge their futures against synthetic futures. A synthetic in this case is a synthetic future comprising a call and a put position. Long synthetic futures means long call and short put at the same expiry price. To hedge against a long futures trade a short position in synthetics can be established, and vice versa.

那些原本在期货市场中交易的投资者可能会用他们的期货来对冲合成期货。这种情况的合成品是一种包括看涨和看跌期权的合成期货。长仓的合成期货是指用同样的到期价格维持长仓看涨与短盘看跌。为了对冲长期期货，可以在合成期货市场中建立淡仓或短盘，反之亦然。

Stack hedging is a strategy which involves buying various futures contracts that are concentrated in nearby delivery months to increase the liquidity position. It is generally used by investors to ensure the surety of their earnings for a longer period of time.

堆栈对冲是一项战略，牵涉购买各种集中在近期的交货月的期货合约来增加资金的流动。通常都被投资者用来确保他们的收入在较长时间内有所保障。

 

Contract for difference  价差合约

A contract for difference (CFD) is a two-way hedge or swap contract that allows the seller and purchaser to fix the price of a volatile commodity. Consider a deal between an electricity producer and an electricity retailer, both of whom trade through an electricity market pool. If the producer and the retailer agree to a strike price of $50 per MWh, for 1 MWh in a trading period, and if the actual pool price is $70, then the producer gets $70 from the pool but has to rebate $20 (the “difference” between the strike price and the pool price) to the retailer.

差价合约（CFD）是一个双向的对冲或掉期合约，允许卖方和买方为波动的商品定价。想像电力厂家和电力零售商之间的交易，两者都通过集合的电力市场交易。如果厂家和零售商同意在某个交易期内以每兆瓦时$50成交，而实际的市价是$70，那么厂家会从结合市场得到$70但却要退 $20(成交价和市价的“价差”)给零售商。

Conversely, the retailer pays the difference to the producer if the pool price is lower than the agreed upon contractual strike price. In effect, the pool volatility is nullified and the parties pay and receive $50 per MWh. However, the party who pays the difference is “out of the money” because without the hedge they would have received the benefit of the pool price.

相反的，如果市价比合约商定的成交价来得低，零售商就必须支付价差给厂家。结果就是，市价的波动的影响是无效的，各方依旧支付和接收每兆瓦时50元。然而，付出差价的一方是在“ 自掏腰包 ”，要是没有对冲，他们就会收到市价的实际利益。

 

Related concepts  相关概念

• Forwards: A contracted agreement specifying an amount of currency to be delivered, at an exchange rate decided on the date of contract.

  远期交易 ：这是以合约签订日的汇率为准指定交付货币金额的协议。

• Forward Rate Agreement (FRA): A contract agreement specifying an interest rate amount to be settled at a pre-determined interest rate on the date of the contract.

远期利率协议(FRA)： 这是以合约签订日预定的利率为准指定结算利率金额的协议。

• Currency option: A contract that gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to take (call option) or deliver (put option) a specified amount of currency, at an exchange rate decided at the date of purchase.

货币期权：这种合约赋予了业主权力，但没有义务以购买日的汇率为准，去接收(看涨期权)或交付(看跌期权)所指定的货币金额。

• Non-Deliverable Forwards (NDF): A strictly risk-transfer financial product similar to a Forward Rate Agreement, but used only where monetary policy restrictions on the currency in question limit the free flow and conversion of capital. As the name suggests, NDFs are not delivered but settled in a reference currency, usually USD or EUR, where the parties exchange the gain or loss that the NDF instrument yields, and if the buyer of the controlled currency truly needs that hard currency, he can take the reference payout and go to the government in question and convert the USD or EUR payout. The insurance effect is the same; it’s just that the supply of insured currency is restricted and controlled by government. See Capital Control.

非交割远期期货（NDF）：这完全是一个风险转移的金融产品，类似远期利率协议，但只用在货币政策限制该货币的自由流动和转换资金的货币之时。顾名思义，非交割远期期货不交付但会以参考货币来结算，通常是美元或欧元，合约双方交换NDF设施产生的收益或亏损，如果受控货币的买方需要硬货币，他可以采用参考支出的算法，到有关的政府部门去转换成美元或欧元。保险的作用是相同的，受保货币供应由政府控制和限制。详情另见“资本的控制”。

• Interest rate parity and Covered interest arbitrage: The simple concept that two similar investments in two different currencies ought to yield the same return. If the two similar investments are not at face value offering the same interest rate return, the difference should conceptually be made up by changes in the exchange rate over the life of the investment. IRP basically provides the math to calculate a projected or implied forward rate of exchange. This calculated rate is not and cannot be considered a prediction or forecast, but rather is the arbitrage-free calculation for what the exchange rate is implied to be in order for it to be impossible to make a free profit by converting money to one currency, investing it for a period, then converting back and making more money than if a person had invested in the same opportunity in the original currency.

利率平价(IRP)和对销汇率风险的套息 ：这个简单的概念是指两个不同币种的两个类似的投资应该产生相同的回报。如果两个类似的投资并没有以相同的面值提供相同利率的回报，在概念上，其差额应该由这个投资期的汇率变动来补偿。基本上，IRP提供了估算预测或不明示的远期汇率的数学模式。这个计算率不是也不可以被当成是一个预言或预测，而是一种无套利的计算方式，计算汇率不明示该有的正常状态让人无法通过转换货币，投资一段时间，再换回原币去赚无本的利润，赚的钱就无法比那些投资在原有货币不转换的人还多。

• Hedge fund: A fund which may engage in hedged transactions or hedged investment strategies.

对冲基金 ：这是一个会从事对冲交易或对冲投资策略的基金。

 

See also  另见

• Arbitrage  套利
• Asset-liability mismatch  资产负债不匹配
• Diversification (finance)  多样化（金融名词）
• Fixed bill  固定汇票
• Foreign Exchange Hedge  外汇对冲
• Fuel price risk management  燃油价格风险管理
• Immunization (finance)  免疫(金融名词)
• List of finance topics  金融主题列表
• Option (finance)  期权（金融名词）
• Spread  差价

Accountant views  会计师观点

• IAS 39  国际会计准则第39号
• FASB 133
• Cash flow hedge  现金流量对冲
• Hedge accounting  对冲会计法

External Links  外部链接

• Guide to Hedging Interest Rate Risk  对冲利率风险指南

• Basic Fixed Income Derivative Hedging Article on Financial-edu.com

  基本固定收入衍生对冲，文章在Financial-edu.com

• Hedging Corporate Bond Issuance with Rate Locks article on Financial-edu.com

  企业债券的发行对冲汇率锁定，文章在金融edu.com

• The curious moral paradox of Hedging, and how Regulation gives it a blank cheque on theotherschoolofeconomics.org

  奇特的道德悖论对冲，以及条规如何赋予它一张空白支票，文章在 theotherschoolofeconomics.org

Categories  分类

• Derivatives (finance)  衍生金融工具（金融）
• Financial terminology  金融术语
• Finance  金融
• Financial markets  金融市场
• Financial instruments  金融工具
• Corporate finance  企业贷款
• Personal finance  个人贷款
• Public finance  公共贷款
• Banks and banking  银行与银行业
• Financial regulation  金融条规
• Standards  标准
• Economic history  经济史

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(finance)

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx.2600 words in English

 

Petrology

Petrology  岩石学

 

Petrology (from Greek: πέτρα, petra, rock; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the branch of geology that studies rocks, and the conditions in which rocks form.

岩石学 （希腊文：πέτρα， petra ，岩石和λόγος，标志，知识）是地质学的一个分支，专门研究岩石以及岩石形成的条件。

Lithology was once approximately synonymous with petrography, but in current usage, lithology focuses on macroscopic hand-sample or outcrop-scale description of rocks, while petrography is the speciality that deals with microscopic details.

岩性一度是接近岩石学的代名词，但目前的用法是，岩性侧重于宏观手触觉样品或岩石外部的描述，而岩石学则专门研究微观细节。

In the oil industry, lithology, or more specifically mud logging, is the graphic representation of geological formations being drilled through, and drawn on a log called a mud log. As the cuttings are circulated out of the borehole they are sampled, examined (typically under a 10x microscope) and tested chemically when needed.

在石油工业中，岩性或更专门的泥浆测表，是钻进泥层里把数据记录在一个叫泥浆测表的记事簿中，绘成了地质图表。泥土的切片由钻孔取样，在需要时（在10倍显微镜下）检查和作化学测试。

 

Contents  目录

• Methodology  研究方法
• Branches  分支
• See also  另见
• References  参考文献
• External links  外部链接

 

Methodology  研究方法

Petrology utilizes the classical fields of mineralogy, petrography, optical mineralogy, and chemical analyses to describe the composition and texture of rocks. Modern petrologists also include the principles of geochemistry and geophysics through the studies of geochemical trends and cycles and the use of thermodynamic data and experiments to better understand the origins of rocks.

岩石学采用古典研究领域的矿物学，岩石学，光性矿物学和化学分析来描述岩石的成份和质地。现代岩石学家还通过地球化学和物理学的原理去研究地球化学的周期趋势，也使用热力学的数据和实验更了解岩石的起源。

 

Branches  分支

There are three branches of petrology, corresponding to the three types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, and another dealing with experimental techniques:

岩石学有三个分支，对应了三种类型的岩石：火成岩，变质岩和沉积岩，另一个则跟实验技术有关：

Igneous petrology focuses on the composition and texture of igneous rocks (rocks such as granite or basalt which have crystallized from molten rock or magma). Igneous rocks include volcanic and plutonic rocks.

火成岩岩石学侧重于研究火成岩的成份和纹理（例如从熔岩或岩浆结晶而成的花岗岩或玄武岩） 。火成岩包括火山岩和深成岩。

Sedimentary petrology focuses on the composition and texture of sedimentary rocks (rocks such as sandstone, shale, or limestone which consist of pieces or particles derived from other rocks or biological or chemical deposits, and are usually bound together in a matrix of finer material).

沉积岩石学侧重于沉积岩的的成份和纹理（例如砂岩，页岩或石灰岩，里面的粒子和碎片来自其他岩石或生物或化学残留物，通常都以更细致的材料编制在一起）。

Metamorphic petrology focuses on the composition and texture of metamorphic rocks (rocks such as slate, marble, gneiss, or schist which started out as sedimentary or igneous rocks but which have undergone chemical, mineralogical or textural changes due to extremes of pressure, temperature or both).

变质岩石学侧重于变质岩的成份和质地（例如板岩，大理石，片麻岩或片岩，开始时只是沉积岩或火成岩，由于极端的压力，温度或岩石两者兼施而经历了化学，矿物学或纹理的变化）

Experimental petrology employs high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus to investigate the geochemistry and phase relations of natural or synthetic materials at elevated pressures and temperatures. Experiments are particularly useful for investigating rocks of the lower crust and upper mantle that rarely survive the journey to the surface in pristine condition. The work of experimental petrologists has laid a foundation on which modern understanding of igneous and metamorphic processes has been built.

验性岩石学采用高压，高温设备去研究在较高压力和温度下的天然或人工合成的材料和地质化学与阶段变化的关系。实验特别是用来研究下地壳和上地幔的岩石，因为它们很少在原始状态之下浮上地面。实验岩石学的工作奠定了火成岩和变质过程的基础提供现代的新理解。

 

See Also  另见

• Important publications in petrology  岩石学的重要出版物
• Ore  金矿

 

External Link  外部链接

• Atlas of Igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals, and textures – Geology Department, University of North Carolina

 火成岩和变质岩，矿物和纹理地图集 – 北卡罗莱纳大学地质学系

• Metamorphic Petrology Database (MetPetDB) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

[http://metpetdb.rpi.edu变质岩石学数据库（MetPetDB）] -伦斯勒理工学院，地球与环境科学系

• Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor (PetDB) – Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University

 洋底岩石数据库（PetDB） -哥伦比亚大学，国际地球科学信息网中心（CIESIN）

 

Categories  分类

• Petrology  岩石学

• Petroleum geology  石油地质学

• Oilfield terminology  油田术语

 

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrology

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 580 words in English

Anhedonia

Anhedonia  快感缺乏

 

In psychology and psychiatry, anhedonia (play /ˌænhiˈdoʊniə/ an-hee-doh-nee-ə; Greek: ἀν- an-, “without” + ἡδονή hēdonē, “pleasure”) is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, e.g. hobbies, exercise, social interaction or sexual activity.

在心理学和精神病学里，快感缺乏(希腊语：ἀν- an-, “无”+ ἡδονή hēdonē ，“快感”)被定义为无法体验到一般上都愉快的活动中的乐趣，如嗜好，运动，社交或性事。

Anhedonia can be a characteristic of mental disorders including mood disorders, schizoaffective disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizophrenia. Affected schizophrenic patients describe themselves as feeling emotionally empty.[1]

快感缺乏可以是精神错乱的特点，包括情绪失调，情感性分裂失调，人格分裂失调以及精神分裂症。受影响的精神分裂症患者形容自己感觉到情绪空虚。[1]

Mood disturbances are commonly observed in many psychiatric disorders. Disturbing mood changes may occur resultant to stressful life events and they are not uncommon during times of physical illness.[2] While anhedonia can be a feature of such mood changes, they are not mutually inclusive.

情绪干扰也常在许多精神失常的患者身上被观察到。情绪受干扰的变化可能会因为压力大的生活事件而引发，但是在身体有病时就不常见[2]。虽然快感缺乏可以是这种情绪变化的一个特点，但却不相包容。

 

Contents  目录

• Causes  成因
• Significance in depression  抑郁症的意义
• Sexual anhedonia  缺乏性快感
• See also  另见
• References  参考文献
• External links  外部链接

 

Causes  成因

Researchers theorize that anhedonia may result from the breakdown in the brain’s reward system, involving the neurotransmitter dopamine. Studies by Paul Keedwell, MD, then of King’s College, found that the brains of clinically depressed subjects had to work harder to process rewarding experiences.[3][4]

研究人员立论认为，快感缺乏可能是因为大脑中涉及神经传递素多巴胺的回馈系统崩溃。(King’s College)国王学院的Paul Keedwell医学博士的研究发现，临床实验中的抑郁者的大脑必须更加努力地处理回馈的经验。[3][4]

 

Significance in depression  抑郁症的意义

As a clinical symptom in depression, anhedonia rates highly in making a diagnosis of this disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes a “lack of interest or pleasure” but these can be hard to tell apart given that people become less interested in things which do not give them pleasure. The DSM criterion of weight loss is probably related, and many depressed people with this symptom describe a lack of enjoyment of food. People suffering from anhedonia in association with depression generally feel good in the morning and unhappy in the evenings and can portray any of the non-psychotic symptoms and signs of depression.[5]

作为抑郁症的临床症状之一，快感缺乏在这种疾病的诊断中占的比例很高。精神失调诊断和统计手册(DSM)形容的“缺乏兴趣或愉悦”还是无法跟其他人对无法产生乐趣的事不感兴趣区别开来。DSM的减重标准或许还有点关联，许多有这种症状抑郁的人都形容他们享受不到食物的美味。缺乏快感又忧郁的人一般都在早晨感觉良好在晚上感到不高兴，而且看不出有任何非精神病的症状和抑郁症的迹象。[5]

 

Sexual anhedonia  缺乏性快感

Main article: Pleasure Dissociative Orgasmic Disorder

主文：乐趣解离性高潮障碍

Sexual anhedonia in males is also known as ‘ejaculatory anhedonia’. This condition means that the person will ejaculate with no accompanying sense of pleasure.

男性的性快感缺乏也称为“缺乏射精快感”。这种情况意味着这个人射精时没有常有的伴随快感。

The condition is most frequently found in males, but women can suffer from lack of pleasure when the body goes through the orgasm process as well.

这种状况最常在男性身上发现，但女性的身体在性高潮过程中也可以缺乏快感。

Sexual anhedonia may be caused by:

性快感缺乏的原因可能是：

• Hyperprolactinaemia  超高泌乳素分泌
• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), also called inhibited sexual desire  不活跃性欲失调（HSDD），也叫做抑制性欲
• Low levels of the hormone testosterone  低水平荷尔蒙睾丸激素
• Spinal cord injury  脊髓损伤
• Multiple Sclerosis  多发性硬化症
• Use (or previous use) of SSRI antidepressants[6]  使用(或使用过)SSRI类抗抑郁药物[6]
• Use (or previous use) of antidopaminergic neuroleptics[7][8]  使用(或使用过)抗多巴胺类的神经松弛剂[7][8]
• Fatigue  疲劳
• Physical illness  身体上的疾病

It is very uncommon that a neurological examination and blood tests can determine the cause of a specific case of sexual anhedonia.

很少见到神经系统检查和血液化验可以确定特定性快感缺乏案例的成因。

Patients may be prescribed sustained-release bupropion to aid in treatment, which has been shown to relieve sexual dysfunction even in patients without depression.[9]

患者可以被配发纾缓的安非他酮协助治疗，这种药物已经证明可以纾缓性功能障碍，就连没有抑郁症的患者用了也有效。[9]

 

See also  另见

• Dysthymia  慢性抑郁症
• Clinical depression  临床抑郁症
• Schizophrenia  精神分裂症

 

References  参考文献

[1] ^ Hales R., Yudofsky S., Talbott J. 1999. Textbook of Psychiatry 3rd ed. Washington DC: The American Psychiatric Press.

^ Hales R., Yudofsky S., Talbott K. 1999年，精神病学教科书第三版。华盛顿特区：美国精神病学出版社

[2] ^ Gelder, Michael G.; Mayou, Richard; Geddes, John; Geddes, John (2005). Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2, 99. ISBN 978-0-19-852863-0.

^  Gelder, Michael G.; Mayou, Richard; Geddes, John; Geddes, John (2005)。“精神病学”(第三版)。牛津大学出版社。第2页，99。 ISBN 978-0-19-852863-0。

[3] ^ “No Pleasure, No Reward — Plenty of Depression” by John McManamy; URL accessed 2009-02-17

^ “没有乐趣，没有奖励 – 大幅度的抑郁症”John McManamy著; 2009-02-17网上治疗

[4] ^ Surguladze, S. (2003). “Neural systems underlying affective disorders”. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9 (6): 446–55. doi:10.1192/apt.9.6.446.

^ Surguladze，S.(2003)。“神经系统的基本情感障碍”。精神病治疗的进展9(6)：446-55。 数位物件识别码doi：10.1192/apt.9.6.446。

[5] ^ Tomb, David A. (1 August 2007). Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7817-7452-9. Retrieved 18 December 2010.

^ Tomb, David A. (2007年8月1日)。“精神病”Lippincott Williams与Wilkins著。第44页。ISBN978-0-7817-7452-9。2001年12月18日索取。

[6] ^ Csoka, Antonei; Bahrick, Audrey; Mehtonen, Olli-Pekka (2007). “Persistent Sexual Dysfunction after Discontinuation of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors”. Journal of Sexual Medicine 5 (1): 227–233. 数位物件识别码doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x. PMID 18173768.

^ Csoka, Antonei; Bahrick, Audrey; Mehtonen, Oli-Pekka (2007)。“选择性血清素中止后的持久性性功能障碍的再摄取抑制剂”性医学学报5(1)：227-233。数位物件识别码doi：10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x。PMID数据库检索编码18173768。

[7] ^ Tupala, E; Haapalinna, A; Viitamaa, T; Männistö, PT; Saano, V (1999). “Effects of repeated low dose administration and withdrawal of haloperidol on sexual behaviour of male rats”. Pharmacology & toxicology 84 (6): 292–5. PMID 10401732.

^ Tupala, E; Haapalinna, A; Viitamaa, T; Männistö, PT; Saano，V(1999)。“反复低剂量氟哌啶醇对雄性大鼠性行为的管理和退出的影响”。药理学与毒理学84(6)：292-5。PMID数据库检索10401732。

[8] ^ Martin-Du Pan, R (1978). “Neuroleptics and sexual dysfunction in man. Neuroendocrine aspects”. Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie = Archives suisses de neurologie, neurochirurgie et de psychiatrie 122 (2): 285–313. PMID 29337.

^ Martin-Du Pan, R(1978)。“抗精神病药和男子性功能障碍。神经内分泌方面”。Schweizer档案中的Neurologie，Neurochirurgie和Psychiatrie= suisses de neurologie，neurochirurgieet et de psychiatrie 档案122(2)：285-313。PMID数据库检索编码29337。

[9] ^ Crenshaw, Theresa L.; Goldberg, James P.; Stern, Warren C. (1987). “Pharmacologic modification of psychosexual dysfunction”. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 13 (4): 239–52. doi:10.1080/00926238708403896. PMID 3121861.

^ Crenshaw, Theresa L; Goldberg, James P.; Stern,Warren (1987)。“心理性功能障碍的药物修改”。性与婚姻治疗学报13(4)：239-52。数位物件识别码doi：10.1080/00926238708403896。PMID数据库检索编码3121861。

 

External links  外部链接

• Anhedonia – Bipolar Disorder Symptoms快感缺乏 – 躁郁症的症状

• No Pleasure, No Reward 没有乐趣，没有奖励

• Forum: “Ejaculation without orgasm” forum (hisandherhealth.com)

 论坛：“没有性高潮射精”论坛（hisandherhealth.com）

• Forum: “Ejaculatoryanhedonia.com”

 论坛：“Ejaculatoryanhedonia.com” 缺乏快感的射精網站

 

Categories  分类

Symptoms and signs  症状与迹象

• Cognition 认知，perception 感知，emotional state and behaviour 情绪状态和行为
• Mood disorders 情绪障碍/心情失调

Symptoms  症状

• Hallucination 幻觉 · Delusion 妄想 · Emotional dysregulation 情绪失调(Anhedonia, Dysphoria, Suicidal ideation) (快感缺乏/失乐症状，烦躁症，自杀构想) · Sleep disorder  睡眠障碍(Hypersomnia嗜睡，, Insomnia失眠) · Psychosis  妄想症 · Racing thoughts  快速遊走的意念

Spectrum  频谱

• Bipolar disorder  双向(相)障碍/双极性情感疾患(Bipolar I 躁郁症一型, Bipolar II 躁郁症二型, Bipolar NOS 另类躁郁症) · Cyclothymia 循环型情感症/情感交替异常 · Dysthymia 心境恶劣障碍/慢性抑郁症 · Manic depressive disorder  躁郁症 · Schizoaffective disorder  情感性精神分裂症

• Mania 躁狂• Mixed state 烦躁狂混杂状态 · Hypomania 轻度躁狂 · Major depressive episode 重郁症发作 · Rapid cycling  快速循环

Treatment 治疗：Anticonvulsants  抗癫痫药物

• Carbamazepine 卡马西平• Gabapentin 加巴喷丁· Lamotrigine 拉莫三嗪 · Oxcarbazepine 奥卡西平托吡酯 · Topiramate 托吡酯 · Valproic acid 丙戊酸(Sodium valproate 丙基戊酸钠, Valproate semisodium 丙基戊半酸钠，semisodium 半酸钠)

Other mood stabilizers  其他情绪镇定剂

• Lithium pharmacology 锂药学(Lithium 锂)
• (carbonate 碳酸盐, Lithium citrate 碳酸锂, Lithium sulfate 硫酸锂) · Antipsychotics 抗精神病药物

Non-pharmaceutical  非药品类

·      Clinical psychology 临床心理学 · Electroconvulsive therapy 电痉挛治疗· Involuntary commitment  非自愿参与 · Light therapy 光疗法 · Psychotherapy 心理疗法 · Transcranial magnetic stimulation 经颅磁刺激法 · Cognitive behavioral therapy 认知行为疗法

—— END ——

 

Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia

Translated by > BlogHost

Word Count > approx. 1000 words in English

Dermatology 皮肤科

Dermatology  皮肤科

 

Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails.

皮肤科是处理与皮肤及其疾病的医学分支，有医疗和手术方面的专门性。皮肤科医生管疾病，广义的说，也包括一些表皮的问题如皮肤，头皮，头发和指甲的。

 

Contents  分类

1.  Etymology  词源

2．History  历史

3．Training  训练

4．Subspecialties  分科

4.1   Cosmetic dermatology  表层皮肤学

4.2   Dermatopathology  皮肤病理学

4.3   Immunodermatology  皮肤免疫学

4.4   Mohs surgery  莫氏手术

4.5   Pediatric dermatology  小儿皮肤科

4.6   Teledermatology  皮肤传媒学

5． Therapies  疗法

6． See also  另见

7． Notes  注

8．External links  外部链接

 

Etymology  词源

Coined in English 1819, the word dermatology originated in the form of the words dermologie (in French, 1764) and, a little later, dermatologia (in Latin, 1777). The term derives from the Greek “δέρματος” (dermatos), genitive of “δέρμα” (derma), “skin” (from “δέρω” – dero, “to flay”) + “-logy, “the study of”, a suffix derived from “λόγος” (logos), amongst others meaning “speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason”, in turn from “λέγω” – lego, “to say”, “to speak”.

1819年英语的造词，皮肤科这个字源于dermologie(1764年法国)，之后演变成dermatologia(1777年的拉丁文)。这个名词源于希腊的“δέρματος” (dermatos)，“δέρμα”(真皮)，“皮肤 –(“δέρω”-dero，“去皮“-logy”)的研究“，后缀源自于”λόγος“(标识)，其他意义有，”讲话，致辞，话语，语录，研究，计算，理论“，也源自于“λέγω”-标志“，说或说话“。

 

History  历史

Readily visible alterations of the skin surface have been recognized since the dawn of history, with some being treated, and some not. In 1801 the first great school of dermatology became a reality at the famous Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris, while the first textbooks (Willan’s, 1798–1808) and atlases (Alibert’s, 1806–1814) appeared in print during the same period of time. In 1952, Dermatology was greatly advanced by Dr. Norman Orentreich’s pioneering work in hair transplantation.

有史以来，可见的表皮改造就已经受到承认，有些可以治疗，有些治不好。1801年，巴黎著名的医院Hopital Saint-Louis圣路易斯皮肤科首度成立了皮肤科学院，而第一本教科书(Willan著，1798至1808年)和地图集(Alibert著，1806至1814年)，在同时期内打印出版。1952年，皮肤学在Norman Orentreich博士那个开创性的头发移植技术下获得长足的发展。

 

Training  訓練

After earning a medical degree (M.D. or D.O.), the length of training in the United States for a general dermatologist to be eligible for Board Certification by the American Academy of Dermatology, is a total of four years. This training consists of an initial medical or surgical intern year followed by a three-year dermatology residency. Following this training, one- or two- year post-residency fellowships are available in immunodermatology, phototherapy, laser medicine, Mohs micrographic surgery, cosmetic surgery or dermatopathology. For the past several years, dermatology residency positions in the United States have been one of the most competitive to obtain.

在获得医学学位(MD或DO)后，美国一般皮肤科医生的培训期是四年。训练包括初步的医疗或手术实习生课程以及为期三年的皮肤科駐院医师期。

駐院期过后，还有一或两年的院士身份供选修，专业领域有免疫学，光线疗法，激光医疗，Mohs莫式显微外科手术，美容手术或皮肤病理学。过去几年，美国的皮肤科駐院医师身份是其中一个竞争最激烈的职位。

 

Subspecialties  分科

Cosmetic dermatology  表层皮肤学

Dermatologists have been leaders in the field of cosmetic surgery. Some dermatologists complete fellowships in surgical dermatology. Many are trained in their residency on the use of botox, fillers, and laser surgery. Some dermatologists perform cosmetic procedures including liposuction, blepharoplasty, and face lifts. Most dermatologists limit their cosmetic practice to minimally invasive procedures. Despite an absence of formal guidelines from the American Board of Dermatology, many cosmetic fellowships are offered in both surgery and laser medicine.

皮肤科医师一直都是整容手术领域的佼佼者。一些皮肤科医生完成了整个皮肤科手术的院士训练。许多人都在駐院受训时学习使用肉毒杆菌，填充剂和激光手术。一些皮肤科医生执行整容手术，如抽脂，消眼袋和拉皮.大多数皮肤科医生的整容工作只限于轻微侵入性的步骤。尽管没有美国皮肤病委员会的正式指引，许多皮层整容院士都可以选修手术以及激光医学。

Dermatopathology  皮肤病理学

A dermatolopathologist is a pathologist or dermatologist who specializes in the pathology of the skin. This field is shared by dermatologists and pathologists. Usually a dermatologist or pathologist will complete one year of dermatopathology fellowship. This usually includes six months of general pathology, and six months of dermatopathology. Alumni of both specialties can qualify as dermatopathologists. At the completion of a standard residency in dermatology, many dermatologists are also competent at dermatopathology. Some dermatopathologists qualify to sit for their examinations by completing a residency in dermatology and one in pathology.

皮肤病理学家是一个专于皮肤病理的病理学医生或皮肤医生，这个领域由皮肤科专家和病理专家共享。一般上，皮肤科专家或病理学专家会在一年内完成皮肤病理学院士的训练。通常包括6个月的一般病理学和6个月的皮肤学训练。两个专科的校友都有资格成为皮肤病理科专家。在完成标准的駐院皮肤学训练之后，许多皮肤科专家也是合格的皮肤病理学专家。一些皮肤病理学专家在完成駐院的皮肤学与病理学的实习之后，就有资格应考。

Immunodermatology  皮肤免疫学

This field specializes in the treatment of immune-mediated skin diseases such as lupus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and other immune-mediated skin disorders. Specialists in this field often run their own immunopathology labs.

这个领域专门治疗免疫力传导的皮肤疾病，如红斑狼疮，大疱性类天疱疮 ，寻常型天疱疮和其他免疫性介导的皮肤失衡状况。这方面的专家通常都会经营自己的免疫病理学医室。

Mohs Surgery  莫氏手术

The dermatologic subspecialty called Mohs surgery focuses on the excision of skin cancers using a tissue-sparing technique that allows intraoperative assessment of 100% of the peripheral and deep tumor margins developed in the 1930s by Dr. Frederic E. Mohs. The procedure is defined as a type of CCPDMA processing. Physicians trained in this technique must be comfortable with both pathology and surgery, and dermatologists receive extensive training in both during their residency. Physicians who perform Mohs surgery can receive training in this specialized technique during their dermatology residency, but many will seek additional training either through preceptorships to join the American Society for Mohs Surgery or through formal one- to two-year Mohs surgery fellowship training programs administered by the American College of Mohs Surgery.

这个被称为莫氏手术的皮肤病分科着重于切除皮肤癌，使用一个纤维组织保留的技术，允许外科手术进行时百分百评估周边和深层的皮肤癌幅度，这个技术是30年代的Frederic E.Mohs莫氏医生发展出来的。这个过程被定义为一种CCPDMA的处理法。接受这种技术培训的医生必须能够同时掌握病理和手术，而皮肤科医生也在駐院期间接受这两种学科全面的培训。执行莫氏手术的医生可以在駐院实习皮肤科期间接受这种技术的训练，但是很多人会通过指导传授方式寻求额外的培训，或通过美国莫氏手术学院提供的一到两年正式的莫氏手术院士训练课程，以便加入美国的莫氏协会。

Pediatric dermatology  小儿皮肤科

Physicians can qualify for this specialization by completing both a pediatric residency and a dermatology residency. Or they might elect to complete a post-residency fellowship. This field encompasses the complex diseases of the neonates, hereditary skin diseases or genodermatoses, and the many difficulties of working with the pediatric population.

完成駐院儿科医师和駐院皮肤科医师的医生就有资格接受这种专业训练。要不然他们可能会选择在駐院医师以后成为院士。这个领域包括了新生儿的复杂疾病，遗传性皮肤疾病或遗传皮肤病， 以及应付儿童的许多困难。

Teledermatology  皮肤传媒学

Teledermatology is a form of dermatology where telecommunication technologies are used to exchange medical information via all kinds of media (audio, visual and also data communication, but typically photos of dermatologic conditions) usually made by non-dermatologists for evaluation off-site by dermatologists). This subspecialty deals with options to view skin conditions over a large distance to provide knowledge exchange, to establish second-opinion services for experts or to use this for follow-up of individuals with chronic skin conditions.

皮肤传媒学是皮肤科的一种表达形式，通过电信技术利用各种媒介（音频，视讯和数据通信，最典型的是使用皮肤病照片）来交换医疗信息，信息通常都由非皮肤科专家提供给皮肤科专家作场外鉴定。这个分科处理各种远距离查看皮肤状况交流知识的媒介选项，好让专家们提供多一个意见的服务，或者当作慢性皮肤病人的后续观察方式。

 

Therapies  疗法

Therapies provided by dermatologists include, but not restricted to:

皮肤科专家提供的疗法包括但还不限于以下各项：

•  Cosmetic filler injections

美容填充注射剂。

•  Hair removal with laser or other modalities

用激光或其他方式脱毛。

•  Hair transplantation – a cosmetic procedure practiced by many dermatologists.

  毛发移植–一个有许多皮肤科医师执业的美容程序。

•  Intralesional treatment – with steroid or chemotherapy.

   瘤内治疗–类固醇或化疗。

• Laser therapy – for both the management of birth marks, skin disorders (like vitiligo), Tattoo removal , and cosmetic resurfacing and rejuvenation.

  激光治疗–处理胎记，皮肤失常(如白癜风)，洗眉和表层的磨平与更新。

• Photodynamic therapy – for the treatment of skin cancer and precancerous growths.

  光线动力疗法–治疗皮肤癌和癌细胞增长前的问题。

• Phototherapy – including the use of narrowband UVB, broadband UVB, psoralen and UVB.

  光疗–包括使用的窄带UVB，宽带UVB，补骨脂和UVB。

• Tattoo removal with laser.

  用激光去除纹身

• Tumescent liposuction – liposuction was invented by a gynecologist. A dermatologist (Dr. Jeffrey A. Klein) adapted the procedure to local infusion of dilute anesthetic called tumescent liposuction. This method is now widely practiced by dermatologists, plastic surgeons and gynecologists.

肿胀吸脂–吸脂手术是由妇科医生发明的。皮肤科医生(Jeffrey A.Klein杰弗  里A ·克莱因博士)使用局部稀麻醉药灌注的过程，称为肿胀吸脂。这个方法现在已经广泛被皮肤科医生，整形外科医生和妇科医生采用。

• Cryosurgery – for the treatment of warts, skin cancers, and other dermatosis.

   冷冻手术–治疗疣，皮肤癌和其他皮肤病。

• Radiation therapy – although rarely practiced by dermatologists, many dermatologist continue to provide radiation therapy in their office.

放射性治疗–虽然很少皮肤科医师在用，许多皮肤科医生还是在他们的办公室继续提供放射性治疗。

• Vitiligo surgery – Including procedures like autologous melanocyte transplant, suction blister grafting and punch grafting.

  白癜风手术–程序包括自体黑色素细胞移植，嫁接和打孔嫁接吸疱。

• Allergy testing – ‘Patch testing’ for contact dermatitis.

   过敏测试– “补丁测试”接触性皮炎。

• Systemic therapies – including antibiotics, immunomodulators, and novel injectable products.

  全身治疗 — 包括抗生素，免疫调节剂，以及新颖的注射产品。

• Topical therapies – dermatologists have the best understanding of the numerous products and compounds used topically in medicine.

  局部治疗 – 皮肤科医师最能理解众多医疗产品和化合物的用途。

• Most dermatologic pharmacology can be categorized based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, specifically the ATC code D.

大多数皮肤病药剂学可分为解剖治疗化学分类系统，特别是ATC代码D的依据。

 

See also  另见

• History of dermatology   皮肤科的历史
• List of dermatologists   皮肤科医生的名单
• List of cutaneous conditions   侵犯皮肤条件的名单
• Skin disease   皮肤病
• Skin lesion   皮肤损伤

External links  外部链接

• American History of Dermatology Society  美国皮肤病学会的历史
• French Society for the History of Dermatology  法国社会历史的皮肤科
• American Academy of Dermatology  美国科学院皮肤病
• Society of Investigative Dermatology  侦查皮肤科学协会

 

Categories  分类

• Dermatology   皮肤科
• Medical specialties   医学专科
• Subjects taught in medical school   医学院教导的科目
• Greek loanwords   希腊外来词

 

Medical Specialties and Subspecialties   医学专科和分科

Surgery  手术

• Cardiac surgery   心脏手术
• Cardiothoracic surgery   心胸手术
• Colorectal surgery   结肠直肠手术
• General surgery   一般手术
• Neurosurgery   神经手术
• Ophthalmology   眼科
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery   口腔上颌面手术
• Orthopedic surgery   矫形骨科手术
• Hand surgery   手部手术
• Otolaryngology (ENT)   耳鼻喉科(耳鼻喉)
• Pediatric surgery   小儿手术
• Plastic surgery   整形手术
• Surgical oncology   外科肿瘤学
• Thoracic surgery   胸腔手术
• Transplant surgery   移植手术
• Trauma surgery   外伤手术
• Urology   泌尿科
• Vascular surgery   血管手术

Internal medicine  内科

• Allergy / Immunology   过敏/免疫学
• Andrology   男性生殖器病学
• Angiology (Vascular Medicine)   血管学(脉管医疗)
• Cardiology   心脏病学
• Endocrinology   内分泌科
• Gastroenterology   肠胃病学
• Hepatology   肝脏病学
• Geriatrics   老年病科
• Gynaecology   妇科
• Hematology   血液科
• Infectious disease   传染性疾病
• Nephrology   肾脏病学
• Oncology   肿瘤病学
• Pulmonology   肺病学
• Rheumatology   风湿病学

Diagnostic  诊断

•  Healthcare sciences   保健科学

   Clinical chemistry   临床化学

   Clinical immunology  临床免疫学

   Cytopathology   细胞病理学

   Medical microbiology  医疗微生物学

   Transfusion medicine  输血医学

•  Radiology   放射线学

   Interventional radiology, (Nuclear medicine)   介入放射学(核医学）

•  Pathology (Anatomical, Clinical)   病理学(解剖，临床)
•  Clinical neurophysiology  临床神经生理学

Other specialties  其他专科

• Addiction medicine  成瘾药物
• Adolescent medicine  青少年医学
• Anesthesiology   麻醉科
• Dermatology  皮肤科
• Disaster medicine  灾难医疗
• Emergency medicine   急诊医疗
• Family medicine   家庭医疗
• General practice   一般行医实践
• Gynaecology   妇科
• Hospital medicine   医院用药
• Intensive-care medicine   加护医疗
• Medical genetics   学遗传学
• Neurology   神经内科
• Obstetrics   妇产科
• Occupational medicine   职业医学
• Pain management (Algiatry)   疼痛管理(Algiatry)
• Palliative care   安抚医疗
• Pediatrics (Neonatology)  儿科(新生儿科)
• Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry)   物理医学与康复(康复科/理疗学)
• Preventive medicine   预防医疗
• Psychiatry   精神病学
• Radiation oncology   放射肿瘤学
• Reproductive medicine (Reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Reproductive surgery)   生殖医学(生殖内分泌学和不孕症，生殖手术)
• Sexual medicine   性医学
• Sleep medicine   睡眠医学
• Sports medicine   运动医学
• Transplantation medicine   移植医学
• Tropical medicine (Travel medicine)   热带医学(旅行医学)
• Urogynecology   妇科泌尿学

Others其他

• Physician   医生

  MD   医学博士

  MBBS   内外全科医学士

  DO   骨科医生

• Dentistry   牙科
• Podiatry   足科
• Veterinary medicine   兽医学
• History of medicine   医学史
• Medical education   医学教育
• Medical school   医学院
• Personalized medicine   个性化医疗

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Source > Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology

Translated by > BlogHost — hkTan

Word Count > approx.1550 words in English

 

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Translate Transcreate Copywrite Services Overview

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翻译 供稿 网页 文本 文件 杂志 文章 等等 双语 文字处理

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中英双语翻译编辑供稿电子出版接案

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欲知更多服务项目，类别，费用等详情，请点击 服务项目: about Service Items 了解下列内容。

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Other Contents that I used to handle 其他經常處理的專業內容

• Business Translation-Editing 商务翻译编辑
• Advertising Transcreation Copy-writing 广告撰稿创译
• Web Translation Editing 网站翻译编辑供稿
• Psychiatry/Mental Health/Treatment 精神科/心理健康/治療
• Health/Therapy/Treatment 保健/治疗
• Beauty/Skin/Derma 美容/皮肤/微整
• Medical Translation 医学翻译
• Food & Beverage 饮食

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Mind Works of Words  翻译的乐趣

This blog is created to display various types of text translated from English to Chinese for interested parties to browse and assess my works as samples, and for parties interested in both languages or the contents.

此部落格特别设立来展现各种题材的英译中文本，好让有意委托翻译工作的人士浏览和评价现成样本，也提供对这两种语文和某些内容感兴趣的人作参考。

I am translating eBooks on daily basis as a serious money-making business. I enjoy translation as a hobby and learn something new each time.

本人每天都在翻译电子书，享受翻译的乐趣和嗜好，每天都学到新知识。

Some of the samples shown here are contents that intrigue me to explore further with terms and terminology that draw a blank in most of the minds. Most of them are encountered and found in Wikipedia, and of course, I am translating Wikipedia articles in English that are not fully translated into Chinese yet.A great many texts I opt to tackle voluntarily are quite challenging and tough, in the end rewarded with the sense of accomplishment.

这里的某些文本标题或专业名词对很多人来说会是满头雾水，不知所云，但却吸引我要弄清楚在谈些什么。多数都可以在维基百科里找到，当然，本人也在站上翻译一些还没人翻译成中文或翻译得不完整的文章。大多数本人选择要尝试翻译的内容都不容易转译成中文，但是，在完整地转译之后都比较有成就感。

Of course, no one is all-rounder, there are still many types of texts that I am neither confident nor interested in translating, hence they will not appear in this blog, especially engineering, in which I do not have any background at all. All professional and technical contents are boring to the majority but general articles are easy to read, interesting enough, therefore a breeze to translate.

当然，没有人是全能的，还有多种题材与文章不是本人没把握翻译得好就是自己不感兴趣，比如机械，电子与工程学的内容，个人完全没有这种背景和涉猎，因此就不会出现这里。所有的专业或技术性内容对大多数人而言都是枯燥乏味的，一般性的文章就比较好读，有趣，翻译起来也一帆风顺。

Brain Works 脑力手工

I am using translation software to aid or speed up the translation process but use them for reference only, it had never replaced the brain and its judgment for the best words to use and the best way to express in another language that sound local and fluent to the native readers. Quite often, the translation software produces junks that confuse instead of confirming the appropriate terms and phrases to translate, and I can only take a glance and restructure the whole sentence in mind to retype a new paragraph without using any of the software version. And most of the time I have to cross reference a few dictionaries to confirm which term in Chinese can be understood by all, other than doing some research online for nouns not available in any dictionary, especially ethnic and culture related contents. I was fooled by machine translation once for taking what it churned out for granted and discovered the mistakes during proofreading and copy-editing, I ended up spending more time and energy in fine-tuning or fire-fighting with minor but glaring flaws that will debase professionalism and quality of the entire translated document. From then onwards I can never trust machine translation, becasue the efficiency gained is not worth the quality lost that cost much more than dollars and cents. Overall the software helps as a quick reference only, at most 10% in my translation process, perhaps more for others or for other simpler texts and sentences.

本人有采用翻译软件来加快翻译速度，但只用作参考而已，从来都无法取代脑力以及选字和造句的判断力，以便用最贴切的字眼最接近中文的表达方式让读中文的读者读得顺畅，自然，也像中文。而且，翻译软件通常都会丢出一对垃圾文字扰乱视听而不是确定最佳的翻译字句，本人只能够瞄一下然后在脑子里重新组织句子再重新打出跟翻译软件的字句完全不同的段落。多数时候，自己还得参阅比对几个线上字典去确定要用哪一个版本的中文用字才能让所有读中文译本的人看得明白。曾经就是信任翻译软件推出的词汇，结果在复审和润稿时才发现到刻板又不贴切的地方，结果要花更多时间去找去想出更恰当的字，否则就很危险，严重的瑕疵会破坏整体的专业水平，贪快省时间当掉高素质和一贯的水准很不划算。除此之外，有些名词是任何字典里都找不到的，尤其是跟风俗民情和当地文化有关的内容，往往为了找出最佳中译名词，必须读几篇网上的文章去了解那种风土民情才能决定要怎么翻译最好。总的来说，翻译软件只能快速提供参考资料而已，最多只占本人的翻译过程中的10%，对别人来说可能会占比较高的比重，或者用在比较简单的内容和字句会比较有效。

In essence, machine yields efficiency, but no craftmanship. Hand-crafted arts with overall quality and beauty cannot be performed by machine so far, and in foreseeable near future.

扼要地说，机器提升效率，但没手艺，到目前为止，以及可预见不久的将来，还是无法取代手作艺术品那种全方位的素质与美感。

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For enquiries and quotation, please email  hkTan The Translator

询问或议价，请 电邮hkTan译者

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Non-disclosure Policy

I pursue the policy of not disclosing client’s identity and written material whether or not Non-disclosure Agreement is signed disregards if the text is actually published for the public to see and read, unless consent is given for my written request to show and reveal.

保密方針

不論是否有簽【保密書】，也不論該文本和譯文是否要公開出版讓公眾讀到看到，本人都遵循不披露客戶身份和稿件的方針，除非當事人書面同意允許本人出示和披露身份和稿件。

Fair Use of Published Materials

With respect to copyrights under Fair Use policies, other than materials in public domain and consent given by author to re-post and re-produce according to author’s instructions, articles with or without author or belong to an organization (publisher/web master/site owner/magazine etc) published with promotional and advertising purposes (for more readership) but used as a sample of translation here, direct reference and links will be made for the source (website/author/organization) to help promote their contents and websites with good intention to benefit them, unless otherwise approached by the source to remove them. Materials and articles that are not already published for the general public or for certain group of readers to access and read will never be used as sample here.

公平使用刊登资料

有鉴于【公平使用】方针的版权归属，除了公共领域里的资料以及作者允许根据作者指示可以重贴或重制的文章以外，任何有或无作者或属于某个机构（出版者/网站管理员主/站主/杂志等等）为促销和广告（为了增加读者数量）而出版的文章在此只当翻译样品展现，也会直接在文中链接到源头（网站/作者/机构）供参阅和引用，以便协助推广他们的内容和网站，本着善意来利益他们，除非源头方来接洽要求移除属于他们的文章。那些还未刊登供公众阅读或者让某些读者群索取和阅读的资料和文章就不会当做样品在这里出现。

Life from Heaven to Hell. 从天堂到地狱的落差

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译者

with Thanks